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Placido DF, Dong N, Dong C, Cruz VMV, Dierig DA, Cahoon RE, Kang BG, Huynh T, Whalen M, Ponciano G, McMahan C. Downregulation of a CYP74 Rubber Particle Protein Increases Natural Rubber Production in Parthenium argentatum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:760. [PMID: 31297121 PMCID: PMC6607968 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report functional genomics studies of a CYP74 rubber particle protein from Parthenium argentatum, commonly called guayule. Previously identified as an allene oxide synthase (AOS), this CYP74 constitutes the most abundant protein found in guayule rubber particles. Transgenic guayule lines with AOS gene expression down-regulated by RNAi (AOSi) exhibited strong phenotypes that included agricultural traits conducive to enhancing rubber yield. AOSi lines had higher leaf and stem biomass, thicker stembark tissues, increased stem branching and improved net photosynthetic rate. Importantly, the rubber content was significantly increased in AOSi lines compared to the wild-type (WT), vector control and AOS overexpressing (AOSoe) lines, when grown in controlled environments both in tissue-culture media and in greenhouse/growth chambers. Rubber particles from AOSi plants consistently had less AOS particle-associated protein, and lower activity (for conversion of 13-HPOT to allene oxide). Yet plants with downregulated AOS showed higher rubber transferase enzyme activity. The increase in biomass in AOSi lines was associated with not only increases in the rate of photosynthesis and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), in the cold, but also in the content of the phytohormone SA, along with a decrease in JA, GAs, and ABA. The increase in biosynthetic activity and rubber content could further result from the negative regulation of AOS expression by high levels of salicylic acid in AOSi lines and when introduced exogenously. It is apparent that AOS in guayule plays a pivotal role in rubber production and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante F. Placido
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Niu Dong
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Chen Dong
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Von Mark V. Cruz
- Guayule Research Farm, Section Manager Agricultural Operations, Bridgestone Americas, Inc., Eloy, AZ, United States
| | - David A. Dierig
- Guayule Research Farm, Section Manager Agricultural Operations, Bridgestone Americas, Inc., Eloy, AZ, United States
| | - Rebecca E. Cahoon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | | | - Trinh Huynh
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Maureen Whalen
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Grisel Ponciano
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Colleen McMahan
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
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Pollmann S, Springer A, Rustgi S, von Wettstein D, Kang C, Reinbothe C, Reinbothe S. Substrate channeling in oxylipin biosynthesis through a protein complex in the plastid envelope of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1483-1495. [PMID: 30690555 PMCID: PMC6411374 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated membrane fatty acid derivatives termed oxylipins play important roles in plant defense against biotic and abiotic cues. Plants challenged by insect pests, for example, synthesize a blend of different defense compounds that include volatile aldehydes and jasmonic acid (JA), among others. Because all oxylipins are derived from the same pathway, we investigated how their synthesis might be regulated, focusing on two closely related atypical cytochrome P450 enzymes designated CYP74A and CYP74B, respectively, allene oxide synthase (AOS) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL). These enzymes compete for the same substrate but give rise to different products: the final product of the AOS branch of the oxylipin pathway is JA, while those of the HPL branch comprise volatile aldehydes and alcohols. AOS and HPL are plastid envelope enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana but accumulate at different locations. Biochemical experiments identified AOS as a constituent of complexes also containing lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2) and allene oxide cyclase (AOC), which catalyze consecutive steps in JA precursor biosynthesis, while excluding the concurrent HPL reaction. Based on published X-ray data, the structure of this complex was modelled and amino acids involved in catalysis and subunit interactions predicted. Genetic studies identified the microRNA 319-regulated clade of TCP (TEOSINTE BRANCHED/CYCLOIDEA/PCF) transcription factor genes and CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1) as controlling JA production through the LOX2-AOS-AOC2 complex. Together, our results define a molecular branch point in oxylipin biosynthesis that allows fine-tuning of the plant's defense machinery in response to biotic and abiotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Correspondence: or
| | - Armin Springer
- Medizinische Biologie und Elektronenmikroskopisches Zentrum (EMZ), Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Diter von Wettstein
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - ChulHee Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Biomolecular Crystallography Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEDEX, France
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEDEX, France
- Correspondence: or
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Chang Z, Wang X, Wei R, Liu Z, Shan H, Fan G, Hu H. Functional expression and purification of CYP93C20, a plant membrane-associated cytochrome P450 from Medicago truncatula. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 150:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Toporkova YY, Gorina SS, Bessolitsyna EK, Smirnova EO, Fatykhova VS, Brühlmann F, Ilyina TM, Mukhtarova LS, Grechkin AN. Double function hydroperoxide lyases/epoxyalcohol synthases (CYP74C) of higher plants: identification and conversion into allene oxide synthases by site-directed mutagenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:369-378. [PMID: 29325723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The CYP74C subfamily of fatty acid hydroperoxide transforming enzymes includes hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs) and allene oxide synthases (AOSs). This work reports a new facet of the putative CYP74C HPLs. Initially, we found that the recombinant CYP74C13_MT (Medicago truncatula) behaved predominantly as the epoxyalcohol synthase (EAS) towards the 9(S)-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid. At the same time, the CYP74C13_MT mostly possessed the HPL activity towards the 13(S)-hydroperoxides of linoleic and α-linolenic acids. To verify whether this dualistic behaviour of CYP74C13_MT is occasional or typical, we also examined five similar putative HPLs (CYP74C). These were CYP74C4_ST (Solanum tuberosum), CYP74C2 (Cucumis melo), CYP74C1_CS and CYP74C31 (both of Cucumis sativus), and CYP74C13_GM (Glycine max). All tested enzymes behaved predominantly as EAS toward 9-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid. Oxiranyl carbinols such as (9S,10S,11S,12Z)-9,10-epoxy-11-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acids were the major EAS products. Besides, the CYP74C31 possessed an additional minor 9-AOS activity. The mutant forms of CYP74C13_MT, CYP74C1_CS, and CYP74C31 with substitutions at the catalytically essential domains, namely the "hydroperoxide-binding domain" (I-helix), or the SRS-1 domain near the N-terminus, showed strong AOS activity. These HPLs to AOSs conversions were observed for the first time. Until now a large part of CYP74C enzymes has been considered as 9/13-HPLs. Notwithstanding, these results show that all studied putative CYP74C HPLs are in fact the versatile HPL/EASs that can be effortlessly mutated into specific AOSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Y Toporkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia.
| | - Svetlana S Gorina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Elena K Bessolitsyna
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Elena O Smirnova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Valeria S Fatykhova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Fredi Brühlmann
- Firmenich SA, Corporate R&D, Route des Jeunes 1, CH-1211, Geneva 8, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana M Ilyina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Lucia S Mukhtarova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Alexander N Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia.
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Brash AR, Boeglin WE, Stec DF, Voehler M, Schneider C, Cha JK. Isolation and characterization of two geometric allene oxide isomers synthesized from 9S-hydroperoxylinoleic acid by cytochrome P450 CYP74C3: stereochemical assignment of natural fatty acid allene oxides. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20797-20806. [PMID: 23709224 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.482521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized cytochromes P450 or catalase-related hemoproteins transform fatty acid hydroperoxides to allene oxides, highly reactive epoxides leading to cyclopentenones and other products. The stereochemistry of the natural allene oxides is incompletely defined, as are the structural features required for their cyclization. We investigated the transformation of 9S-hydroperoxylinoleic acid with the allene oxide synthase CYP74C3, a reported reaction that unexpectedly produces an allene oxide-derived cyclopentenone. Using biphasic reaction conditions at 0 °C, we isolated the initial products and separated two allene oxide isomers by HPLC at -15 °C. One matched previously described allene oxides in its UV spectrum (λmax 236 nm) and NMR spectrum (defining a 9,10-epoxy-octadec-10,12Z-dienoate). The second was a novel stereoisomer (UV λmax 239 nm) with distinctive NMR chemical shifts. Comparison of NOE interactions of the epoxy proton at C9 in the two allene oxides (and the equivalent NOE experiment in 12,13-epoxy allene oxides) allowed assignment at the isomeric C10 epoxy-ene carbon as Z in the new isomer and the E configuration in all previously characterized allene oxides. The novel 10Z isomer spontaneously formed a cis-cyclopentenone at room temperature in hexane. These results explain the origin of the cyclopentenone, provide insights into the mechanisms of allene oxide cyclization, and define the double bond geometry in naturally occurring allene oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald F Stec
- Chemistry and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
| | - Markus Voehler
- Chemistry and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
| | | | - Jin K Cha
- the Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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Modes of heme binding and substrate access for cytochrome P450 CYP74A revealed by crystal structures of allene oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13883-8. [PMID: 18787124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804099105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s exist ubiquitously in all organisms and are involved in many biological processes. Allene oxide synthase (AOS) is a P450 enzyme that plays a key role in the biosynthesis of oxylipin jasmonates, which are involved in signal and defense reactions in higher plants. The crystal structures of guayule (Parthenium argentatum) AOS (CYP74A2) and its complex with the substrate analog 13(S)-hydroxyoctadeca-9Z,11E-dienoic acid have been determined. The structures exhibit a classic P450 fold but possess a heme-binding mode with an unusually long heme binding loop and a unique I-helix. The structures also reveal two channels through which substrate and product may access and leave the active site. The entrances are defined by a loop between beta3-2 and beta3-3. Asn-276 in the substrate binding site may interact with the substrate's hydroperoxy group and play an important role in catalysis, and Lys-282 at the entrance may control substrate access and binding. These studies provide both structural insights into AOS and related P450s and a structural basis to understand the distinct reaction mechanism.
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