1
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Muduli S, Karmakar S, Mishra S. The coordinated action of the enzymes in the L-lysine biosynthetic pathway and how to inhibit it for antibiotic targets. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130320. [PMID: 36813209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is a global health issue that requires immediate attention in terms of new antibiotics and new antibiotic targets. The l-lysine biosynthesis pathway (LBP) is a promising avenue for drug discovery as it is essential for bacterial growth and survival and is not required by human beings. SCOPE OF REVIEW The LBP involves a coordinated action of fourteen different enzymes distributed over four distinct sub-pathways. The enzymes involved in this pathway belong to different classes, such as aspartokinase, dehydrogenase, aminotransferase, epimerase, etc. This review provides a comprehensive account of the secondary and tertiary structure, conformational dynamics, active site architecture, mechanism of catalytic action, and inhibitors of all enzymes involved in LBP of different bacterial species. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS LBP offers a wide scope for novel antibiotic targets. The enzymology of a majority of the LBP enzymes is well understood, although these enzymes are less widely studied in the critical pathogens (according to the 2017 WHO report) that require immediate attention. In particular, the enzymes in the acetylase pathway, DapAT, DapDH, and Aspartokinase in critical pathogens have received little attention. High throughput screening for inhibitor design against the enzymes of lysine biosynthetic pathway is rather limited, both in number and in the extent of success. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review can serve as a guide for the enzymology of LBP and help in identifying new drug targets and designing potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Muduli
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Soumyajit Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
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2
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Schmitz RA, Dietl A, Müller M, Berben T, Op den Camp HJM, Barends TRM. Structure of the 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase from the thermoacidophilic methanotroph Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV and the phylogeny of the aminotransferase pathway. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:199-208. [PMID: 32356521 PMCID: PMC7193512 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20005294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase (DapA) is involved in the production of lysine and precursor molecules for peptidoglycan synthesis. In a multistep reaction, DapA converts pyruvate and L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde to 4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinic acid. In many organisms, lysine binds allosterically to DapA, causing negative feedback, thus making the enzyme an important regulatory component of the pathway. Here, the 2.1 Å resolution crystal structure of DapA from the thermoacidophilic methanotroph Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV is reported. The enzyme crystallized as a contaminant of a protein preparation from native biomass. Genome analysis reveals that M. fumariolicum SolV utilizes the recently discovered aminotransferase pathway for lysine biosynthesis. Phylogenetic analyses of the genes involved in this pathway shed new light on the distribution of this pathway across the three domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob A. Schmitz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Dietl
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Müller
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom Berben
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J. M. Op den Camp
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas R. M. Barends
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Atkinson SC, Dogovski C, Wood K, Griffin MDW, Gorman MA, Hor L, Reboul CF, Buckle AM, Wuttke J, Parker MW, Dobson RCJ, Perugini MA. Substrate Locking Promotes Dimer-Dimer Docking of an Enzyme Antibiotic Target. Structure 2018; 26:948-959.e5. [PMID: 29804823 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein dynamics manifested through structural flexibility play a central role in the function of biological molecules. Here we explore the substrate-mediated change in protein flexibility of an antibiotic target enzyme, Clostridium botulinum dihydrodipicolinate synthase. We demonstrate that the substrate, pyruvate, stabilizes the more active dimer-of-dimers or tetrameric form. Surprisingly, there is little difference between the crystal structures of apo and substrate-bound enzyme, suggesting protein dynamics may be important. Neutron and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments were used to probe substrate-induced dynamics on the sub-second timescale, but no significant changes were observed. We therefore developed a simple technique, coined protein dynamics-mass spectrometry (ProD-MS), which enables measurement of time-dependent alkylation of cysteine residues. ProD-MS together with X-ray crystallography and analytical ultracentrifugation analyses indicates that pyruvate locks the conformation of the dimer that promotes docking to the more active tetrameric form, offering insight into ligand-mediated stabilization of multimeric enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Atkinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kathleen Wood
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michael A Gorman
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Lilian Hor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Cyril F Reboul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ashley M Buckle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Joachim Wuttke
- Juelich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS), at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Lichtenstrasse 1, Garching 85 747, Germany
| | - Michael W Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Renwick C J Dobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag, Christchurch 4800, New Zealand
| | - Matthew A Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
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4
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Desbois S, John UP, Perugini MA. Dihydrodipicolinate synthase is absent in fungi. Biochimie 2018; 152:73-84. [PMID: 29959064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The class I aldolase dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) catalyzes the first committed step of the diaminopimelate (DAP) lysine biosynthesis pathway in bacteria, archaea and plants. Despite the existence, in databases, of numerous fungal sequences annotated as DHDPS, its presence in fungi has been the subject of contradictory claims. We report the characterization of DHDPS candidates from fungi. Firstly, the putative DHDPS from Coccidioides immitis (PDB ID: 3QFE) was shown to have negligible enzyme activity. Sequence analysis of 3QFE showed that three out of the seven amino acid residues critical for DHDPS activity are absent; however, exact matches to catalytic residues from two other class I aldolases, 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase (KDGA), and 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase (HOGA), were identified. The presence of both KDGA and HOGA activity in 3QFE was confirmed in vitro using enzyme assays, the first report of such dual activity. Subsequent analyses of all publically available fungal sequences revealed that no entry contains all seven residues important for DHDPS function. The candidate with the highest number of identities (6 of 7), KIW77228 from Fonsecaea pedrosoi, was shown to have trace DHDPS activity in vitro, partially restored by substitution of the seventh critical residue, and to be incapable of complementing DHDPS-deficient E. coli cells. Combined with the presence of all seven sequences for the alternative α-aminoadipate (AAA) lysine biosynthesis pathway in C. immitis and F. pedrosoi, we believe that DHDPS and the DAP pathway are absent in fungi, and further, that robust informed methods for annotating genes need to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Desbois
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ulrik P John
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, VIC, 3086, Australia; Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, AgriBio, La Trobe University, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Matthew A Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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5
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Crystal structure and in silico studies of dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) from Aquifex aeolicus. Extremophiles 2014; 18:973-85. [PMID: 24996798 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS, E.C.4.2.1.52) catalyzes the first committed step in the lysine biosynthetic pathway: the condensation of (S)-aspartate semialdehyde and pyruvate to form (4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(2S)-dipicolinic acid. Since (S)-lysine biosynthesis does not occur in animals, DHDPS is an attractive target for rational antibiotic and herbicide design. Here, we report the crystal structure of DHDPS from a hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus (AqDHDPS). L-Lysine is used as an important animal feed additive where the production is at the level of 1.5 million tons per year. The biotechnological manufacture of lysine has been going for more than 50 years which includes over synthesis and reverse engineering of DHDPS. AqDHDPS revealed a unique disulfide linkage which is not conserved in the homologues of AqDHDPS. In silico mutation of C139A and intermolecular ion-pair residues and the subsequent molecular dynamics simulation of the mutants showed that these residues are critical for the stability of AqDHDPS tetramer. MD simulations of AqDHDPS at three different temperatures (303, 363 and 393 K) revealed that the molecule is stable at 363 K. Thus, this structural and in silico study of AqDHDPS likely provides additional details towards the rational and structure-based design of hyper-L-lysine producing bacterial strains.
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6
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Dogovski C, Gorman MA, Ketaren NE, Praszkier J, Zammit LM, Mertens HD, Bryant G, Yang J, Griffin MDW, Pearce FG, Gerrard JA, Jameson GB, Parker MW, Robins-Browne RM, Perugini MA. From knock-out phenotype to three-dimensional structure of a promising antibiotic target from Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83419. [PMID: 24349508 PMCID: PMC3862839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the rise in drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, there is an urgent need to discover new antimicrobials targeting this pathogen and an equally urgent need to characterize new drug targets. A promising antibiotic target is dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in lysine biosynthesis. In this study, we firstly show by gene knock out studies that S. pneumoniae (sp) lacking the DHDPS gene is unable to grow unless supplemented with lysine-rich media. We subsequently set out to characterize the structure, function and stability of the enzyme drug target. Our studies show that sp-DHDPS is folded and active with a k(cat) = 22 s(-1), K(M)(PYR) = 2.55 ± 0.05 mM and K(M)(ASA) = 0.044 ± 0.003 mM. Thermal denaturation experiments demonstrate sp-DHDPS exhibits an apparent melting temperature (T(M)(app)) of 72 °C, which is significantly greater than Escherichia coli DHDPS (Ec-DHDPS) (T(M)(app) = 59 °C). Sedimentation studies show that sp-DHDPS exists in a dimer-tetramer equilibrium with a K(D)(4→2) = 1.7 nM, which is considerably tighter than its E. coli ortholog (K(D)(4→2) = 76 nM). To further characterize the structure of the enzyme and probe its enhanced stability, we solved the high resolution (1.9 Å) crystal structure of sp-DHDPS (PDB ID 3VFL). The enzyme is tetrameric in the crystal state, consistent with biophysical measurements in solution. Although the sp-DHDPS and Ec-DHDPS active sites are almost identical, the tetramerization interface of the s. pneumoniae enzyme is significantly different in composition and has greater buried surface area (800 Å(2)) compared to its E. coli counterpart (500 Å(2)). This larger interface area is consistent with our solution studies demonstrating that sp-DHDPS is considerably more thermally and thermodynamically stable than Ec-DHDPS. Our study describe for the first time the knock-out phenotype, solution properties, stability and crystal structure of DHDPS from S. pneumoniae, a promising antimicrobial target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A. Gorman
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalia E. Ketaren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judy Praszkier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leanne M. Zammit
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Gary Bryant
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ji Yang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael D. W. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - F. Grant Pearce
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Juliet A. Gerrard
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Callaghan Innovation, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey B. Jameson
- Centre for Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Michael W. Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roy M. Robins-Browne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Siddiqui T, Paxman JJ, Dogovski C, Panjikar S, Perugini MA. Cloning to crystallization of dihydrodipicolinate synthase from the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:1177-81. [PMID: 24100576 PMCID: PMC3792684 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113024639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) catalyses the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of meso-diaminopimelate and lysine. Here, the cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of DHDPS from the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila are described. Crystals grown in the presence of high-molecular-weight PEG precipitant and magnesium chloride were found to diffract beyond 1.65 Å resolution. The crystal lattice belonged to the hexagonal space group P6₁22, with unit-cell parameters a=b=89.31, c=290.18 Å, and contained two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The crystal structure was determined by molecular replacement using a single chain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DHDPS as the search model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeela Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Santosh Panjikar
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Erzeel E, Van Bochaute P, Thu TT, Angenon G. Medicago truncatula dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) enzymes display novel regulatory properties. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:401-415. [PMID: 23329373 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysine biosynthesis in plants is tightly regulated by feedback inhibition of the end product on the first enzyme of the lysine-specific branch, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS). Three complete DHDPS coding sequences and one partial sequence were obtained in Medicago truncatula via inverse PCR. Analysis of the MtDHDPS sequences indicated the presence of isozymes (MtDHDPS2 and MtDHDPS3) with multiple amino acid substitutions on positions previously shown to be involved in feedback inhibition and of residues important for catalytic activity, possibly affecting the enzymatic properties of these isoforms. Sequences similar to MtDHDPS2 and 3 are present in Lotus japonicus and Glycine max, suggesting the existence of a specific conserved class of DHDPS genes within the Fabaceae family. The MtDHDPS genes were found by quantitative RT-PCR analysis to be expressed in an organ-specific manner in M. truncatula. All four MtDHDPS enzymes were expressed separately in Escherichia coli, revealing a strongly reduced sensitivity of the MtDHDPS2 protein to lysine feedback inhibition and a severely reduced activity of the MtDHDPS3 protein. Remarkably, MtDHDPS3 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana produced transgenic plants with a significantly increased threonine level, suggesting a dominant DHDPS inhibiting role of this isoform. This is supported by co-expression experiments in E. coli which indicate that AtDHDPS and MtDHDPS3 interact and may form hetero-oligomers with strongly reduced enzymatic activity. In conclusion, analysis of DHDPS in M. truncatula revealed the presence of unique isozymes displaying novel regulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Erzeel
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Atkinson SC, Dogovski C, Dobson RCJ, Perugini MA. Cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of dihydrodipicolinate synthase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:1040-7. [PMID: 22949190 PMCID: PMC3433193 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112033052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) catalyzes the first committed step of the lysine-biosynthesis pathway in bacteria, plants and some fungi. This study describes the cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of DHDPS (NP_354047.1) from the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens (AgT-DHDPS). Enzyme-kinetics studies demonstrate that AgT-DHDPS possesses DHDPS activity in vitro. Crystals of AgT-DHDPS were grown in the unliganded form and in forms with substrate bound and with substrate plus allosteric inhibitor (lysine) bound. X-ray diffraction data sets were subsequently collected to a maximum resolution of 1.40 Å. Determination of the structure with and without substrate and inhibitor will offer insight into the design of novel pesticide agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Atkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Matthew A. Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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10
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Atkinson SC, Dogovski C, Downton MT, Pearce FG, Reboul CF, Buckle AM, Gerrard JA, Dobson RCJ, Wagner J, Perugini MA. Crystal, solution and in silico structural studies of dihydrodipicolinate synthase from the common grapevine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38318. [PMID: 22761676 PMCID: PMC3382604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) catalyzes the rate limiting step in lysine biosynthesis in bacteria and plants. The structure of DHDPS has been determined from several bacterial species and shown in most cases to form a homotetramer or dimer of dimers. However, only one plant DHDPS structure has been determined to date from the wild tobacco species, Nicotiana sylvestris (Blickling et al. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 274, 608-621). Whilst N. sylvestris DHDPS also forms a homotetramer, the plant enzyme adopts a 'back-to-back' dimer of dimers compared to the 'head-to-head' architecture observed for bacterial DHDPS tetramers. This raises the question of whether the alternative quaternary architecture observed for N. sylvestris DHDPS is common to all plant DHDPS enzymes. Here, we describe the structure of DHDPS from the grapevine plant, Vitis vinifera, and show using analytical ultracentrifugation, small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray crystallography that V. vinifera DHDPS forms a 'back-to-back' homotetramer, consistent with N. sylvestris DHDPS. This study is the first to demonstrate using both crystal and solution state measurements that DHDPS from the grapevine plant adopts an alternative tetrameric architecture to the bacterial form, which is important for optimizing protein dynamics as suggested by molecular dynamics simulations reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Atkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew T. Downton
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Australia
| | - F. Grant Pearce
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Cyril F. Reboul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley M. Buckle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliet A. Gerrard
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John Wagner
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Geng F, Chen Z, Zheng P, Sun J, Zeng AP. Exploring the allosteric mechanism of dihydrodipicolinate synthase by reverse engineering of the allosteric inhibitor binding sites and its application for lysine production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:1963-71. [PMID: 22644522 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS, EC 4.2.1.52) catalyzes the first committed reaction of L-lysine biosynthesis in bacteria and plants and is allosterically regulated by L-lysine. In previous studies, DHDPSs from different species were proved to have different sensitivity to L-lysine inhibition. In this study, we investigated the key determinants of feedback regulation between two industrially important DHDPSs, the L-lysine-sensitive DHDPS from Escherichia coli and L-lysine-insensitive DHDPS from Corynebacterium glutamicum, by sequence and structure comparisons and site-directed mutation. Feedback inhibition of E. coli DHDPS was successfully alleviated after substitution of the residues around the inhibitor's binding sites with those of C. glutamicum DHDPS. Interestingly, mutagenesis of the lysine binding sites of C. glutamicum DHDPS according to E. coli DHDPS did not recover the expected feedback inhibition but an activation of DHDPS by L-lysine, probably due to differences in the allosteic signal transduction in the DHDPS of these two organisms. Overexpression of L-lysine-insensitive E. coli DHDPS mutants in E. coli MG1655 resulted in an improvement of L-lysine production yield by 46 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Geng
- Department of Biopharmaceutic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
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Atkinson SC, Dogovski C, Newman J, Dobson RCJ, Perugini MA. Cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of dihydrodipicolinate synthase from the grapevine Vitis vinifera. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1537-41. [PMID: 22139160 PMCID: PMC3232133 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111038395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) catalyses the first committed step of the lysine-biosynthesis pathway in bacteria, plants and some fungi. This study describes the cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of DHDPS from the grapevine Vitis vinifera (Vv-DHDPS). Following in-drop cleavage of the hexahistidine tag, cocrystals of Vv-DHDPS with the substrate pyruvate were grown in 0.1 M Bis-Tris propane pH 8.2, 0.2 M sodium bromide, 20%(w/v) PEG 3350. X-ray diffraction data in space group P1 at a resolution of 2.2 Å are presented. Preliminary diffraction data analysis indicated the presence of eight molecules per asymmetric unit (V(M) = 2.55 Å(3) Da(-1), 52% solvent content). The pending crystal structure of Vv-DHDPS will provide insight into the molecular evolution in quaternary structure of DHDPS enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Atkinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Janet Newman
- CSIRO Division of Molecular and Health Technologies, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Matthew A. Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Griffin MDW, Billakanti JM, Gerrard JA, Dobson RCJ, Pearce FG. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of dihydrodipicolinate synthase 2 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1386-90. [PMID: 22102238 PMCID: PMC3212457 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111033276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS; EC 4.2.1.52) catalyzes the first committed step of the lysine-biosynthetic pathway in plants and bacteria. Since (S)-lysine biosynthesis does not occur in animals, DHDPS is an attractive target for rational antibiotic and herbicide design. Here, the cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of DHDPS2 from Arabidopsis thaliana are reported. Diffraction-quality protein crystals belonged to space group P2(1)2(1)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Biochemical studies and crystal structure determination of dihydrodipicolinate synthase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 48:779-87. [PMID: 21396954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular enzyme dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS, E.C. 4.2.1.52) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a potential drug target because it is essential for the growth of bacteria while it is absent in humans. Therefore, in order to design new compounds using structure based approach for inhibiting the function of DHDPS from P. aeruginosa (Ps), we have cloned, characterized biochemically and biophysically and have determined its three-dimensional structure. The gene encoding DHDPS (dapA) was cloned in a vector pET-28c(+) and the recombinant protein was overexpressed in the Escherichia coli host. The K(m) values of the recombinant enzyme estimated for the substrates, pyruvate and (S)-aspartate-β-semialdehyde [(S)-ASA] were found to be 0.90±0.13 mM and 0.17±0.02 mM, respectively. The circular dichroism studies showed that the enzyme adopts a characteristic β/α conformation which is retained up to 65°C. The fluorescence data indicated the presence of exposed tryptophan residues in the enzyme. The three-dimensional structure determination showed that DHDPS forms a homodimer which is stabilized by several hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces at the interface. The active site formed with residues Thr44, Tyr107 and Tyr133 is found to be stereochemically suitable for catalytic function. It may be noted that Tyr107 of the catalytic triad belongs to the partner molecule in the dimer. The structure of the complex of PsDHDPS with (S)-lysine determined at 2.65 Å resolution revealed the positions of three lysine molecules bound to the protein.
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