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Tang X, Ravikumar Y, Zhang G, Yun J, Zhao M, Qi X. D-allose, a typical rare sugar: properties, applications, and biosynthetic advances and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38764407 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2350617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
D-allose, a C-3 epimer of D-glucose and an aldose-ketose isomer of D-allulose, exhibits 80% of sucrose's sweetness while being remarkably low in calories and nontoxic, making it an appealing sucrose substitute. Its diverse physiological functions, particularly potent anticancer and antitumor effects, render it a promising candidate for clinical treatment, garnering sustained attention. However, its limited availability in natural sources and the challenges associated with chemical synthesis necessitate exploring biosynthetic strategies to enhance production. This overview encapsulates recent advancements in D-allose's physicochemical properties, physiological functions, applications, and biosynthesis. It also briefly discusses the crucial role of understanding aldoketose isomerase structure and optimizing its performance in D-allose synthesis. Furthermore, it delves into the challenges and future perspectives in D-allose bioproduction. Early efforts focused on identifying and characterizing enzymes responsible for D-allose production, followed by detailed crystal structure analysis to improve performance through molecular modification. Strategies such as enzyme immobilization and implementing multi-enzyme cascade reactions, utilizing more cost-effective feedstocks, were explored. Despite progress, challenges remain, including the lack of efficient high-throughput screening methods for enzyme modification, the need for food-grade expression systems, the establishment of ordered substrate channels in multi-enzyme cascade reactions, and the development of downstream separation and purification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Tang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuvaraj Ravikumar
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guoyan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Junhua Yun
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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Yue F, Zhang J, Xu J, Niu T, Lü X, Liu M. Effects of monosaccharide composition on quantitative analysis of total sugar content by phenol-sulfuric acid method. Front Nutr 2022; 9:963318. [PMID: 35983486 PMCID: PMC9378961 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.963318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenol-sulfuric acid method is one of the most common methods applied to the analysis of total sugar content during polysaccharides study. However, it was found that the results obtained from the phenol-sulfuric acid method was generally lower than the real total sugar content, especially when acidic monosaccharides were contained in the polysaccharides samples. Therefore, the present study focused to unveil the proposed problem. Based on the optimization of colorimetric conditions, such as optimal wave length of absorption, linearity range, color reaction time and temperature, it indicated that the phenol-sulfuric acid method was a convenient and accurate way for the total sugar content analysis. In addition, the color-rendering capabilities of 10 common monosaccharides were systematically analyzed to obtain a relative correction factor for each monosaccharide relative to glucose, which was proved to be the main reason for the deviation in the detection of total sugar content. Moreover, the key points during the application of phenol-sulfuric acid method were suggested. This study provides a scientific theoretical basis and a reliable experimental research method for the accurate determination of total sugar content by the phenol-sulfuric acid method, and which will also promote the application of this convenient method in the polysaccharides study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jinrui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tengfei Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Manshun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Chen Z, Chen J, Zhang W, Zhang T, Guang C, Mu W. Improving Thermostability and Catalytic Behavior of l-Rhamnose Isomerase from Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis OB47 toward d-Allulose by Site-Directed Mutagenesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12017-12024. [PMID: 30370768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
d-Allose, a rare sugar, is an ideal table-sugar substitute and has many advantageous physiological functions. l-Rhamnose isomerase (l-RI) is an important d-allose-producing enzyme, but it exhibits comparatively low catalytic activity on d-allulose. In this study, an array of hydrophobic residues located within β1-α1-loop were solely or collectively replaced with polar amino acids by site-directed mutagenesis. A group of mutants was designed to weaken the hydrophobic environment and strengthen the catalytic behavior on d-allulose. Compared with that of the wild-type enzyme, the relative activities of the V48N/G59N/I63N and V48N/G59N/I63N/F335S mutants toward d-allulose were increased by 105.6 and 134.1%, respectively. Another group of mutants was designed to enhance thermostability. Finally, the t1/2 values of mutant S81A were increased by 7.7 and 1.1 h at 70 and 80 °C, respectively. These results revealed that site-directed mutagenesis is efficient for improving thermostability and catalytic behavior toward d-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
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Chen Z, Xu W, Zhang W, Zhang T, Jiang B, Mu W. Characterization of a thermostable recombinant l-rhamnose isomerase from Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis OB47 and its application for the production of l-fructose and l-rhamnulose. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:2184-2193. [PMID: 28960307 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND l-Hexoses are rare sugars that are important components and precursors in the synthesis of biological compounds and pharmaceutical drugs. l-Rhamnose isomerase (L-RI, EC 5.3.1.14) is an aldose-ketose isomerase that plays a significant role in the production of l-sugars. In this study, a thermostable, l-sugar-producing L-RI from the hyperthermophile Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis OB47 was characterized. RESULTS The recombinant L-RI displayed maximal activity at pH 8.0 and 85 °C and was significantly activated by Co2+ . It exhibited a relatively high thermostability, with measured half-lives of 24.75, 11.55, 4.15 and 3.30 h in the presence of Co2+ at 70, 75, 80 and 85 °C, respectively. Specific activities of 277.6, 57.9, 13.7 and 9.6 U mg-1 were measured when l-rhamnose, l-mannose, d-allose and l-fructose were used as substrates, respectively. l-Rhamnulose was produced with conversion ratios of 44.0% and 38.6% from 25 and 50 g L-1 l-rhamnose, respectively. l-Fructose was also efficiently produced by the L-RI, with conversion ratios of 67.0% and 58.4% from 25 and 50 g L-1 l-mannose, respectively. CONCLUSION The recombinant L-RI could effectively catalyze the formation of l-rhamnulose and l-fructose, suggesting that it was a promising candidate for industrial production of l-rhamnulose and l-fructose. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Xu W, Zhang W, Zhang T, Jiang B, Mu W. l-Rhamnose isomerase and its use for biotechnological production of rare sugars. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:2985-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Prabhu P, Doan TNT, Tiwari M, Singh R, Kim SC, Hong MK, Kang YC, Kang LW, Lee JK. Structure-based studies on the metal binding of two-metal-dependent sugar isomerases. FEBS J 2014; 281:3446-59. [PMID: 24925069 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Two-metal-dependent sugar isomerases are important in the synthesis of rare sugars. Many of their properties, specifically their metal dependency, have not been sufficiently explored. Here we used X-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis, isothermal titration calorimetry and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the molecular determinants of the metal-binding affinity of l-rhamnose isomerase, a two-Mn(2+) -dependent isomerase from Bacillus halodurans (BHRI). The crystal structure of BHRI confirmed the presence of two metal ion-binding sites: a structural metal ion-binding site for substrate binding, and a catalytic metal ion-binding site that catalyzes a hydride shift. One conserved amino acid, W38, in wild-type BHRI was identified as a critical residue for structural Mn(2+) binding and thus the catalytic efficiency of BHRI. This function of W38 was explored by replacing it with other amino acids. Substitution by Phe, His, Lys, Ile or Ala caused complete loss of catalytic activity. The role of W38 was further examined by analyzing the crystal structure of wild-type BHRI and two inactive mutants of BHRI (W38F and W38A) in complex with Mn(2+) . A structural comparison of the mutants and the wild-type revealed differences in their coordination of Mn(2+) , including changes in metal-ligand bond length and affinity for Mn(2+) . The role of W38 was further confirmed in another two-metal-dependent enzyme: xylose isomerase from Bacillus licheniformis. These data suggest that W38 stabilizes protein-metal complexes and in turn assists ligand binding during catalysis in two-metal-dependent isomerases. STRUCTURED DIGITAL ABSTRACT BHRI and BHRI bind by x-ray crystallography (View interaction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnandy Prabhu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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