1
|
Eymery MC, McCarthy AA, Hausmann J. Linking medicinal cannabis to autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid signaling. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201595. [PMID: 36623871 PMCID: PMC9834664 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin is primarily known for the formation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from lysophosphatidylcholine. LPA is an important signaling phospholipid that can bind to six G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6). The ATX-LPA signaling axis is a critical component in many physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here, we describe a potent inhibition of Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive compound of medicinal cannabis and related cannabinoids, on the catalysis of two isoforms of ATX with nanomolar apparent EC50 values. Furthermore, we decipher the binding interface of ATX to THC, and its derivative 9(R)-Δ6a,10a-THC (6a10aTHC), by X-ray crystallography. Cellular experiments confirm this inhibitory effect, revealing a significant reduction of internalized LPA1 in the presence of THC with simultaneous ATX and lysophosphatidylcholine stimulation. Our results establish a functional interaction of THC with autotaxin-LPA signaling and highlight novel aspects of medicinal cannabis therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias C Eymery
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jens Hausmann
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Clark JM, Salgado-Polo F, Macdonald SJF, Barrett TN, Perrakis A, Jamieson C. Structure-Based Design of a Novel Class of Autotaxin Inhibitors Based on Endogenous Allosteric Modulators. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6338-6351. [PMID: 35440138 PMCID: PMC9059126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) facilitates the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive phospholipid, which facilitates a diverse range of cellular effects in multiple tissue types. Abnormal LPA expression can lead to the progression of diseases such as cancer and fibrosis. Previously, we identified a potent ATX steroid-derived hybrid (partially orthosteric and allosteric) inhibitor which did not form interactions with the catalytic site. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a focused library of novel steroid-derived analogues targeting the bimetallic catalytic site, representing an entirely unique class of ATX inhibitors of type V designation, which demonstrate significant pathway-relevant biochemical and phenotypic biological effects. The current compounds modulated LPA-mediated ATX allostery and achieved indirect blockage of LPA1 internalization, in line with the observed reduction in downstream signaling cascades and chemotaxis induction. These novel type V ATX inhibitors represent a promising tool to inactivate the ATX-LPA signaling axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Clark
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Salgado-Polo
- Oncode Institute and Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J F Macdonald
- Medicines Design, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Tim N Barrett
- Medicines Design, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Oncode Institute and Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Craig Jamieson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Deng X, Salgado-Polo F, Shao T, Xiao Z, Van R, Chen J, Rong J, Haider A, Shao Y, Josephson L, Perrakis A, Liang SH. Imaging Autotaxin In Vivo with 18F-Labeled Positron Emission Tomography Ligands. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15053-15068. [PMID: 34662125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted phosphodiesterase that has been implicated in a remarkably wide array of pathologies, especially in fibrosis and cancer. While ATX inhibitors have entered the clinical arena, a validated probe for positron emission tomography (PET) is currently lacking. With the aim to develop a suitable ATX-targeted PET radioligand, we have synthesized a focused library of fluorinated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives, determined their inhibition constants, and confirmed their binding mode by crystallographic analysis. Based on their promising in vitro properties, compounds 9c, 9f, 9h, and 9j were radiofluorinated. Also, a deuterated analog of [18F]9j, designated as [18F]ATX-1905 ([18F]20), was designed and proved to be highly stable against in vivo radiodefluorination compared with [18F]9c, [18F]9f, [18F]9h, and [18F]9j. These results along with in vitro and in vivo studies toward ATX in a mouse model of LPS-induced liver injury suggest that [18F]ATX-1905 is a suitable PET probe for the non-invasive quantification of ATX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fernando Salgado-Polo
- Oncode Institute and Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tuo Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Oncode Institute and Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Keune WJ, Potjewyd F, Heidebrecht T, Salgado-Polo F, Macdonald SJF, Chelvarajan L, Abdel Latif A, Soman S, Morris AJ, Watson AJB, Jamieson C, Perrakis A. Rational Design of Autotaxin Inhibitors by Structural Evolution of Endogenous Modulators. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2006-2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem-Jan Keune
- Division
of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frances Potjewyd
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Tatjana Heidebrecht
- Division
of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Salgado-Polo
- Division
of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lakshman Chelvarajan
- Division
of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Gill Heart Institute, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Ahmed Abdel Latif
- Division
of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Gill Heart Institute, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Sony Soman
- Division
of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Gill Heart Institute, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Division
of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Gill Heart Institute, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Allan J. B. Watson
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Craig Jamieson
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Division
of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hausmann J, Keune WJ, Hipgrave Ederveen AL, van Zeijl L, Joosten RP, Perrakis A. Structural snapshots of the catalytic cycle of the phosphodiesterase Autotaxin. J Struct Biol 2016; 195:199-206. [PMID: 27268273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted phosphodiesterase that produces the signalling lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). The bimetallic active site of ATX is structurally related to the alkaline phosphatase superfamily. Here, we present a new crystal structure of ATX in complex with orthovanadate (ATX-VO5), which binds the Oγ nucleophile of Thr209 and adopts a trigonal bipyramidal conformation, following the nucleophile attack onto the substrate. We have now a portfolio of ATX structures we discuss as intermediates of the catalytic mechanism: the new ATX-VO5 structure; a unique structure where the nucleophile Thr209 is phosphorylated (ATX-pThr). Comparing these to a complex with the LPA product (ATX-LPA) and with a complex with a phosphate ion (ATX-PO4), that represent the Michaelis complex of the reaction, we observe movements of Thr209, changes in the relative displacement of the zinc ions, and a water molecule that likely fulfils the second nucleophilic attack. We propose that ATX follows the associative two-step in-line displacement mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hausmann
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem-Jan Keune
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes L Hipgrave Ederveen
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie van Zeijl
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robbie P Joosten
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barbayianni E, Magrioti V, Moutevelis-Minakakis P, Kokotos G. Autotaxin inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1123-32. [PMID: 23641951 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.796364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autotaxin (ATX) is a lysophospholipase D enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline. LPA is a bioactive lipid mediator that activates several transduction pathways, and is involved in migration, proliferation and survival of various cells. Thus, ATX is an attractive medicinal target. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to summarize ATX inhibitors, reported in patents from 2006 up to now, describing their discovery and biological evaluation. EXPERT OPINION ATX has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as cancer, chronic inflammation, neuropathic pain, fibrotic diseases, etc. Although there is an intensive effort on the discovery of potent and selective ATX inhibitors in order to identify novel medicinal agents, up to now, no ATX inhibitor has reached clinical trials. However, the use of ATX inhibitors seems an attractive strategy for the development of novel medicinal agents, for example anticancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efrosini Barbayianni
- University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Inoue K, Tanaka N, Haga A, Yamasaki K, Umeda T, Kusakabe Y, Sakamoto Y, Nonaka T, Deyashiki Y, Nakamura KT. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of human autotaxin. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:450-3. [PMID: 21505238 PMCID: PMC3080147 DOI: 10.1107/s174430911005311x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), which is also known as ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (NPP2 or ENPP2) or phosphodiesterase Iα (PD-Iα), is an extracellular lysophospholipase D which generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). ATX stimulates tumour-cell migration, angiogenesis and metastasis and is an attractive target for cancer therapy. For crystallographic studies, the α isoform of human ATX was overproduced in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 3.0 Å resolution from a monoclinic crystal form belonging to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 311.4, b = 147.9, c = 176.9 Å, β = 122.6°.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Inoue
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | | | - Arayo Haga
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
| | | | - Tomonobu Umeda
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | | | | | - Takamasa Nonaka
- School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Deyashiki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie 513-8670, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jankowski M. Autotaxin: its role in biology of melanoma cells and as a pharmacological target. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:194857. [PMID: 21423677 PMCID: PMC3057024 DOI: 10.4061/2011/194857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an extracellular lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) released from normal cells and cancer cells. Activity of ATX is detected in various biological fluids. The lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is the main product of ATX. LPA acting through specific G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-LPA6) affects immunological response, normal development, and malignant tumors' formation and progression. In this review, the impact of autotoxin on biology of melanoma cells and potential treatment is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jankowski
- Department of Therapy Monitoring and Pharmacogenetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hausmann J, Kamtekar S, Christodoulou E, Day JE, Wu T, Fulkerson Z, Albers HMHG, van Meeteren LA, Houben AJS, van Zeijl L, Jansen S, Andries M, Hall T, Pegg LE, Benson TE, Kasiem M, Harlos K, Kooi CWV, Smyth SS, Ovaa H, Bollen M, Morris AJ, Moolenaar WH, Perrakis A. Structural basis of substrate discrimination and integrin binding by autotaxin. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:198-204. [PMID: 21240271 PMCID: PMC3064516 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) or ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-2 (ENPP2) is a secreted lysophospholipase D that generates the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a mitogen and chemo-attractant for many cell types. ATX-LPA signaling has roles in various pathologies including tumour progression and inflammation. However, the molecular basis of substrate recognition and catalysis, and the mechanism of interaction with target cells, has been elusive. Here we present the crystal structure of ATX, alone and in complex with a small-molecule inhibitor. We identify a hydrophobic lipid-binding pocket and map key residues required for catalysis and selection between nucleotide and phospholipid substrates. We show that ATX interacts with cell-surface integrins via its N-terminal somatomedin-B-like domains, using an atypical mechanism. Our results define determinants of substrate discrimination by the ENPP family, suggest how ATX promotes localized LPA signaling, and enable new approaches to target ATX with small-molecule therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hausmann
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hausmann J, Christodoulou E, Kasiem M, De Marco V, van Meeteren LA, Moolenaar WH, Axford D, Owen RL, Evans G, Perrakis A. Mammalian cell expression, purification, crystallization and microcrystal data collection of autotaxin/ENPP2, a secreted mammalian glycoprotein. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:1130-5. [PMID: 20823545 PMCID: PMC2935246 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110032938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX or ENPP2) is a secreted glycosylated mammalian enzyme that exhibits lysophospholipase D activity, hydrolyzing lysophosphatidylcholine to the signalling lipid lysophosphatidic acid. ATX is an approximately 100 kDa multi-domain protein encompassing two N-terminal somatomedin B-like domains, a central catalytic phosphodiesterase domain and a C-terminal nuclease-like domain. Protocols for the efficient expression of ATX from stably transfected mammalian HEK293 cells in amounts sufficient for crystallographic studies are reported. Purification resulted in protein that crystallized readily, but various attempts to grow crystals suitable in size for routine crystallographic structure determination were not successful. However, the available micrometre-thick plates diffracted X-rays beyond 2.0 A resolution and allowed the collection of complete diffraction data to about 2.6 A resolution. The problems encountered and the current advantages and limitations of diffraction data collection from thin crystal plates are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hausmann
- Division of Biochemistry B8, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evangelos Christodoulou
- Division of Biochemistry B8, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mobien Kasiem
- Division of Biochemistry B8, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valeria De Marco
- Division of Biochemistry B8, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens A. van Meeteren
- Division of Cell Biology B6, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Moolenaar
- Division of Cell Biology B6, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Axford
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, England
| | - Robin L. Owen
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, England
| | - Gwyndaf Evans
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, England
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Division of Biochemistry B8, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|