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Eymery MC, McCarthy AA, Hausmann J. Linking medicinal cannabis to autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid signaling. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201595. [PMID: 36623871 PMCID: PMC9834664 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin is primarily known for the formation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from lysophosphatidylcholine. LPA is an important signaling phospholipid that can bind to six G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6). The ATX-LPA signaling axis is a critical component in many physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here, we describe a potent inhibition of Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive compound of medicinal cannabis and related cannabinoids, on the catalysis of two isoforms of ATX with nanomolar apparent EC50 values. Furthermore, we decipher the binding interface of ATX to THC, and its derivative 9(R)-Δ6a,10a-THC (6a10aTHC), by X-ray crystallography. Cellular experiments confirm this inhibitory effect, revealing a significant reduction of internalized LPA1 in the presence of THC with simultaneous ATX and lysophosphatidylcholine stimulation. Our results establish a functional interaction of THC with autotaxin-LPA signaling and highlight novel aspects of medicinal cannabis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias C Eymery
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jens Hausmann
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Salgado-Polo F, Borza R, Matsoukas MT, Marsais F, Jagerschmidt C, Waeckel L, Moolenaar WH, Ford P, Heckmann B, Perrakis A. Autotaxin facilitates selective LPA receptor signaling. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:69-84.e14. [PMID: 36640760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX; ENPP2) produces the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) that signals through disparate EDG (LPA1-3) and P2Y (LPA4-6) G protein-coupled receptors. ATX/LPA promotes several (patho)physiological processes, including in pulmonary fibrosis, thus serving as an attractive drug target. However, it remains unclear if clinical outcome depends on how different types of ATX inhibitors modulate the ATX/LPA signaling axis. Here, we show that the ATX "tunnel" is crucial for conferring key aspects of ATX/LPA signaling and dictates cellular responses independent of ATX catalytic activity, with a preference for activation of P2Y LPA receptors. The efficacy of the ATX/LPA signaling responses are abrogated more efficiently by tunnel-binding inhibitors, such as ziritaxestat (GLPG1690), compared with inhibitors that exclusively target the active site, as shown in primary lung fibroblasts and a murine model of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Our results uncover a receptor-selective signaling mechanism for ATX, implying clinical benefit for tunnel-targeting ATX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Salgado-Polo
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Razvan Borza
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Florence Marsais
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Ludovic Waeckel
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Wouter H Moolenaar
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Ford
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Heckmann
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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3
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Structure-Based Discovery of Novel Chemical Classes of Autotaxin Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197002. [PMID: 32977539 PMCID: PMC7582705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein, widely present in biological fluids, largely responsible for extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production. LPA is a bioactive growth-factor-like lysophospholipid that exerts pleiotropic effects in almost all cell types, exerted through at least six G-protein-coupled receptors (LPAR1-6). Increased ATX expression has been detected in different chronic inflammatory diseases, while genetic or pharmacological studies have established ATX as a promising therapeutic target, exemplified by the ongoing phase III clinical trial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In this report, we employed an in silico drug discovery workflow, aiming at the identification of structurally novel series of ATX inhibitors that would be amenable to further optimization. Towards this end, a virtual screening protocol was applied involving the search into molecular databases for new small molecules potentially binding to ATX. The crystal structure of ATX in complex with a known inhibitor (HA-155) was used as a molecular model docking reference, yielding a priority list of 30 small molecule ATX inhibitors, validated by a well-established enzymatic assay of ATX activity. The two most potent, novel and structurally different compounds were further structurally optimized by deploying further in silico tools, resulting to the overall identification of six new ATX inhibitors that belong to distinct chemical classes than existing inhibitors, expanding the arsenal of chemical scaffolds and allowing further rational design.
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4
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Getting the Most Out of Your Crystals: Data Collection at the New High-Flux, Microfocus MX Beamlines at NSLS-II. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030496. [PMID: 30704096 PMCID: PMC6384729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in synchrotron technology are changing the landscape of macromolecular crystallography. The two recently opened beamlines at NSLS-II-AMX and FMX-deliver high-flux microfocus beams that open new possibilities for crystallographic data collection. They are equipped with state-of-the-art experimental stations and automation to allow data collection on previously intractable crystals. Optimized data collection strategies allow users to tailor crystal positioning to optimally distribute the X-ray dose over its volume. Vector data collection allows the user to define a linear trajectory along a well diffracting volume of the crystal and perform rotational data collection while moving along the vector. This is particularly well suited to long, thin crystals. We describe vector data collection of three proteins-Akt1, PI3Kα, and CDP-Chase-to demonstrate its application and utility. For smaller crystals, we describe two methods for multicrystal data collection in a single loop, either manually selecting multiple centers (using H108A-PHM as an example), or "raster-collect", a more automated approach for a larger number of crystals (using CDP-Chase as an example).
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5
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Mazzocca A, Schönauer LM, De Nola R, Lippolis A, Marrano T, Loverro M, Sabbà C, Di Naro E. Autotaxin is a novel molecular identifier of type I endometrial cancer. Med Oncol 2018; 35:157. [PMID: 30374843 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-018-1222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common cancer of the female genital tract in Western Countries, with an incidence of 150.000 new cases/year. Despite high incidence, little is known about the molecular pathogenesis of this tumor. Phospholipids including lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) are involved in proliferation and dissemination of cancer. LPA is a potent bioactive phospholipid synthesized by autotaxin (ATX) through its lysophospholipase D activity. Recent evidence suggests that the ATX/LPA signaling axis plays a role in endometrial cancer. We carried out a prospective study involving two groups of patients classified in accordance to hysteroscopic-guided biopsy. Patients with histological diagnosis of endometrial cancer were enrolled into group one, whereas control patients with pelvic organ prolapse were assigned group two. Both groups underwent hysterectomy, with either open or laparoscopic surgery. After uterine extraction, a second endometrial biopsy was performed to collect tissues. Real-Time PCR was performed to evaluate ATX gene expression in collected tissues. Statistical analysis including unpaired two-way or one-way Student's t test and ANOVA was performed. We found ATX gene expression significantly higher in neoplastic endometrium compared with normal tissue (P value = 0.0002). In particular, the expression of ATX was significantly elevated in type I endometrial cancer (i.e., endometrioid histotype) compared to type II, in premenopausal women and in patients affected either by obesity (BMI > 30) or diabetes. We propose ATX as a novel potential biomarker particularly implicated in the pathobiology of type I endometrial cancer. Also, we propose ATX as a useful theranostic target in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mazzocca
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - Luca Maria Schönauer
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics Clinic, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosalba De Nola
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics Clinic, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
- Department of Tissues and Organs Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, D.E.O.T, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Lippolis
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics Clinic, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Teresa Marrano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics Clinic, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Loverro
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics Clinic, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Di Naro
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics Clinic, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
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6
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Salgado-Polo F, Fish A, Matsoukas MT, Heidebrecht T, Keune WJ, Perrakis A. Lysophosphatidic acid produced by autotaxin acts as an allosteric modulator of its catalytic efficiency. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14312-14327. [PMID: 30026231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein and the only member of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family that converts lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA controls key responses, such as cell migration, proliferation, and survival, implicating ATX-LPA signaling in various (patho)physiological processes and establishing it as a drug target. ATX structural and functional studies have revealed an orthosteric and an allosteric site, called the "pocket" and the "tunnel," respectively. However, the mechanisms in allosteric modulation of ATX's activity as a lysophospholipase D are unclear. Here, using the physiological LPC substrate, a new fluorescent substrate, and diverse ATX inhibitors, we revisited the kinetics and allosteric regulation of the ATX catalytic cycle, dissecting the different steps and pathways leading to LPC hydrolysis. We found that ATX activity is stimulated by LPA and that LPA activates ATX lysophospholipase D activity by binding to the ATX tunnel. A consolidation of all experimental kinetics data yielded a comprehensive catalytic model supported by molecular modeling simulations and suggested a positive feedback mechanism that is regulated by the abundance of the LPA products activating hydrolysis of different LPC species. Our results complement and extend the current understanding of ATX hydrolysis in light of the allosteric regulation by ATX-produced LPA species and have implications for the design and application of both orthosteric and allosteric ATX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Salgado-Polo
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Alex Fish
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Minos-Timotheos Matsoukas
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and.,the Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Tatjana Heidebrecht
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Willem-Jan Keune
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
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7
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Synaptic phospholipids as a new target for cortical hyperexcitability and E/I balance in psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1699-1710. [PMID: 29743582 PMCID: PMC6153268 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a synaptic phospholipid, which regulates cortical excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance and controls sensory information processing in mice and man. Altered synaptic LPA signaling was shown to be associated with psychiatric disorders. Here, we show that the LPA-synthesizing enzyme autotaxin (ATX) is expressed in the astrocytic compartment of excitatory synapses and modulates glutamatergic transmission. In astrocytes, ATX is sorted toward fine astrocytic processes and transported to excitatory but not inhibitory synapses. This ATX sorting, as well as the enzymatic activity of astrocyte-derived ATX are dynamically regulated by neuronal activity via astrocytic glutamate receptors. Pharmacological and genetic ATX inhibition both rescued schizophrenia-related hyperexcitability syndromes caused by altered bioactive lipid signaling in two genetic mouse models for psychiatric disorders. Interestingly, ATX inhibition did not affect naive animals. However, as our data suggested that pharmacological ATX inhibition is a general method to reverse cortical excitability, we applied ATX inhibition in a ketamine model of schizophrenia and rescued thereby the electrophysiological and behavioral schizophrenia-like phenotype. Our data show that astrocytic ATX is a novel modulator of glutamatergic transmission and that targeting ATX might be a versatile strategy for a novel drug therapy to treat cortical hyperexcitability in psychiatric disorders.
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8
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Miller LM, Keune WJ, Castagna D, Young LC, Duffy EL, Potjewyd F, Salgado-Polo F, Engel García P, Semaan D, Pritchard JM, Perrakis A, Macdonald SJF, Jamieson C, Watson AJB. Structure-Activity Relationships of Small Molecule Autotaxin Inhibitors with a Discrete Binding Mode. J Med Chem 2017; 60:722-748. [PMID: 27982588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to the bioactive lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline. The ATX-LPA signaling pathway is implicated in cell survival, migration, and proliferation; thus, the inhibition of ATX is a recognized therapeutic target for a number of diseases including fibrotic diseases, cancer, and inflammation, among others. Many of the developed synthetic inhibitors for ATX have resembled the lipid chemotype of the native ligand; however, a small number of inhibitors have been described that deviate from this common scaffold. Herein, we report the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a previously reported small molecule ATX inhibitor. We show through enzyme kinetics studies that analogues of this chemotype are noncompetitive inhibitors, and by using a crystal structure with ATX we confirm the discrete binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Miller
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Willem-Jan Keune
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek , Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diana Castagna
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Louise C Young
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, University of Strathclyde , John Arbuthnott Building (Hamnet Wing), 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Emma L Duffy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Frances Potjewyd
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Fernando Salgado-Polo
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek , Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paloma Engel García
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Dima Semaan
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek , Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John M Pritchard
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek , Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Simon J F Macdonald
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Craig Jamieson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Allan J B Watson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
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9
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Owen RL, Juanhuix J, Fuchs M. Current advances in synchrotron radiation instrumentation for MX experiments. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 602:21-31. [PMID: 27046341 PMCID: PMC5505570 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Following pioneering work 40 years ago, synchrotron beamlines dedicated to macromolecular crystallography (MX) have improved in almost every aspect as instrumentation has evolved. Beam sizes and crystal dimensions are now on the single micron scale while data can be collected from proteins with molecular weights over 10 MDa and from crystals with unit cell dimensions over 1000 Å. Furthermore it is possible to collect a complete data set in seconds, and obtain the resulting structure in minutes. The impact of MX synchrotron beamlines and their evolution is reflected in their scientific output, and MX is now the method of choice for a variety of aims from ligand binding to structure determination of membrane proteins, viruses and ribosomes, resulting in a much deeper understanding of the machinery of life. A main driving force of beamline evolution have been advances in almost every aspect of the instrumentation comprising a synchrotron beamline. In this review we aim to provide an overview of the current status of instrumentation at modern MX experiments. The most critical optical components are discussed, as are aspects of endstation design, sample delivery, visualisation and positioning, the sample environment, beam shaping, detectors and data acquisition and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Owen
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.
| | - Jordi Juanhuix
- Alba Synchrotron, Carrer de la llum 2-26, Cerdanyola, 08192, Spain.
| | - Martin Fuchs
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
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10
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Hausmann J, Keune WJ, Hipgrave Ederveen AL, van Zeijl L, Joosten RP, Perrakis A. Structural snapshots of the catalytic cycle of the phosphodiesterase Autotaxin. J Struct Biol 2016; 195:199-206. [PMID: 27268273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted phosphodiesterase that produces the signalling lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). The bimetallic active site of ATX is structurally related to the alkaline phosphatase superfamily. Here, we present a new crystal structure of ATX in complex with orthovanadate (ATX-VO5), which binds the Oγ nucleophile of Thr209 and adopts a trigonal bipyramidal conformation, following the nucleophile attack onto the substrate. We have now a portfolio of ATX structures we discuss as intermediates of the catalytic mechanism: the new ATX-VO5 structure; a unique structure where the nucleophile Thr209 is phosphorylated (ATX-pThr). Comparing these to a complex with the LPA product (ATX-LPA) and with a complex with a phosphate ion (ATX-PO4), that represent the Michaelis complex of the reaction, we observe movements of Thr209, changes in the relative displacement of the zinc ions, and a water molecule that likely fulfils the second nucleophilic attack. We propose that ATX follows the associative two-step in-line displacement mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hausmann
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem-Jan Keune
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes L Hipgrave Ederveen
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie van Zeijl
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robbie P Joosten
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Steroid binding to Autotaxin links bile salts and lysophosphatidic acid signalling. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11248. [PMID: 27075612 PMCID: PMC4834639 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) generates the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX-LPA signalling is involved in multiple biological and pathophysiological processes, including vasculogenesis, fibrosis, cholestatic pruritus and tumour progression. ATX has a tripartite active site, combining a hydrophilic groove, a hydrophobic lipid-binding pocket and a tunnel of unclear function. We present crystal structures of rat ATX bound to 7α-hydroxycholesterol and the bile salt tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA), showing how the tunnel selectively binds steroids. A structure of ATX simultaneously harbouring TUDCA in the tunnel and LPA in the pocket, together with kinetic analysis, reveals that bile salts act as partial non-competitive inhibitors of ATX, thereby attenuating LPA receptor activation. This unexpected interplay between ATX-LPA signalling and select steroids, notably natural bile salts, provides a molecular basis for the emerging association of ATX with disorders associated with increased circulating levels of bile salts. Furthermore, our findings suggest potential clinical implications in the use of steroid drugs. Autotaxin generates the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid to regulate diverse biological processes. Here, the authors identify a role for bile salts as direct allosteric inhibitors of autotaxin activity, suggesting that steroids may function as regulators of lysophosphatidic acid signalling.
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12
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Bolier R, Tolenaars D, Kremer AE, Saris J, Parés A, Verheij J, Bosma PJ, Beuers U, Oude Elferink RP. Enteroendocrine cells are a potential source of serum autotaxin in men. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:696-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Trouillard R, Hubert-Roux M, Tognetti V, Guilhaudis L, Plasson C, Menu-Bouaouiche L, Coquet L, Guerineau F, Hardouin J, Ele Ekouna JP, Cosette P, Lerouge P, Boitel-Conti M, Afonso C, Ségalas-Milazzo I. Determination of Multimodal Isotopic Distributions: The Case of a (15)N Labeled Protein Produced into Hairy Roots. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5938-46. [PMID: 25973921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Isotopic labeling is widely used in various fields like proteomics, metabolomics, fluxomics, as well as in NMR structural studies, but it requires an efficient determination of the isotopic enrichment. Mass spectrometry is the method of choice for such analysis. However, when complex expression systems like hairy roots are used for production, multiple populations of labeled proteins may be obtained. If the isotopic incorporation determination is actually well-known for unimodal distributions, the multimodal distributions have scarcely been investigated. Actually, only a few approaches allow the determination of the different labeled population proportions from multimodal distributions. Furthermore, they cannot be used when the number of the populations and their respective isotope ratios are unknown. The present study implements a new strategy to measure the (15)N labeled populations inside a multimodal distribution knowing only the peptide sequence and peak intensities from mass spectrometry analyses. Noteworthy, it could be applied to other elements, like carbon and hydrogen, and extended to a larger range of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Trouillard
- †Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR6014 and IRIB; Université de Rouen; INSA de Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- ‡Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038; Université de Rouen; INSA de Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Tognetti
- ‡Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038; Université de Rouen; INSA de Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Laure Guilhaudis
- †Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR6014 and IRIB; Université de Rouen; INSA de Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Carole Plasson
- §Normandie Université, Glyco-MEV, EA 4358 and IRIB, Université de Rouen, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Menu-Bouaouiche
- §Normandie Université, Glyco-MEV, EA 4358 and IRIB, Université de Rouen, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Coquet
- ∥CNRS UMR 6270, PBS, Plateforme Protéomique PISSARO, IRIB, FR3038 INC3M, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, Boulevard Maurice de Broglie, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - François Guerineau
- ⊥Biologie des plantes et innovation (BioPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Julie Hardouin
- ∥CNRS UMR 6270, PBS, Plateforme Protéomique PISSARO, IRIB, FR3038 INC3M, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, Boulevard Maurice de Broglie, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Ele Ekouna
- ⊥Biologie des plantes et innovation (BioPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Pascal Cosette
- ∥CNRS UMR 6270, PBS, Plateforme Protéomique PISSARO, IRIB, FR3038 INC3M, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, Boulevard Maurice de Broglie, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- §Normandie Université, Glyco-MEV, EA 4358 and IRIB, Université de Rouen, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Michèle Boitel-Conti
- ⊥Biologie des plantes et innovation (BioPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- ‡Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038; Université de Rouen; INSA de Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Ségalas-Milazzo
- †Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR6014 and IRIB; Université de Rouen; INSA de Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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14
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Norman DD, Ibezim A, Scott WE, White S, Parrill AL, Baker DL. Autotaxin inhibition: development and application of computational tools to identify site-selective lead compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5548-60. [PMID: 23816044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) catalyzes the conversion of lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Both ATX and LPA have been linked to pathophysiologies ranging from cancer to neuropathic pain. Inhibition of LPA production by ATX is therefore of therapeutic interest. Here we report the application of previously-developed, subsite-targeted pharmacophore models in a screening workflow that involves either docking or binary QSAR as secondary filters to identify ATX inhibitors from previously unreported structural types, four of which have sub-micromolar inhibition constants. Cell-based assays demonstrate that ATX inhibition and cytotoxicity structure-activity-relationships (SAR) exhibit selectivity cliffs, characterized by structurally similar compounds exhibiting similar biological activities with respect to ATX inhibition but very different biological activities with respect to cytotoxicity. Thus, general cytotoxicity should not be used as an early filter to eliminate candidate ATX inhibitor scaffolds from further SAR studies. Assays using two substrates of vastly different sizes demonstrate that the tools developed to identify compounds binding outside the central core of the active site did identify compounds acting at an allosteric site. In contrast, tools developed to identify active-site directed compounds did not identify active-site directed compounds. The stronger volume overlap imposed when selecting screening candidates expected to bind outside the active site is likely responsible for the stronger match between intended and actual target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D Norman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States
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15
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Houben AJS, van Wijk XMR, van Meeteren LA, van Zeijl L, van de Westerlo EMA, Hausmann J, Fish A, Perrakis A, van Kuppevelt TH, Moolenaar WH. The polybasic insertion in autotaxin α confers specific binding to heparin and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:510-9. [PMID: 23150666 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.358416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D that generates the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), playing a key role in diverse physiological and pathological processes. ATX exists in distinct splice variants, but isoform-specific functions remain elusive. Here we characterize the ATXα isoform, which differs from the canonical form (ATXβ) in having a 52-residue polybasic insertion of unknown function in the catalytic domain. We find that the ATXα insertion is susceptible to cleavage by extracellular furin-like endoproteases, but cleaved ATXα remains structurally and functionally intact due to strong interactions within the catalytic domain. Through ELISA and surface plasmon resonance assays, we show that ATXα binds specifically to heparin with high affinity (K(d) ~10(-8) M), whereas ATXβ does not; furthermore, heparin moderately enhanced the lysophospholipase D activity of ATXα. We further show that ATXα, but not ATXβ, binds abundantly to SKOV3 carcinoma cells. ATXα binding was abolished after treating the cells with heparinase III, but not after chondroitinase treatment. Thus, the ATXα insertion constitutes a cleavable heparin-binding domain that mediates interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycans, thereby targeting LPA production to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J S Houben
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Evans G, Axford D, Owen RL. The design of macromolecular crystallography diffraction experiments. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2011; 67:261-70. [PMID: 21460444 PMCID: PMC3069741 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444911007608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of X-ray diffraction data from macromolecular crystals for the purpose of structure determination is the convergence of two processes: the preparation of diffraction-quality crystal samples on the one hand and the construction and optimization of an X-ray beamline and end station on the other. Like sample preparation, a macromolecular crystallography beamline is geared to obtaining the best possible diffraction measurements from crystals provided by the synchrotron user. This paper describes the thoughts behind an experiment that fully exploits both the sample and the beamline and how these map into everyday decisions that users can and should make when visiting a beamline with their most precious crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyndaf Evans
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, England.
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17
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Inoue K, Tanaka N, Haga A, Yamasaki K, Umeda T, Kusakabe Y, Sakamoto Y, Nonaka T, Deyashiki Y, Nakamura KT. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of human autotaxin. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:450-3. [PMID: 21505238 PMCID: PMC3080147 DOI: 10.1107/s174430911005311x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), which is also known as ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (NPP2 or ENPP2) or phosphodiesterase Iα (PD-Iα), is an extracellular lysophospholipase D which generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). ATX stimulates tumour-cell migration, angiogenesis and metastasis and is an attractive target for cancer therapy. For crystallographic studies, the α isoform of human ATX was overproduced in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 3.0 Å resolution from a monoclinic crystal form belonging to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 311.4, b = 147.9, c = 176.9 Å, β = 122.6°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Inoue
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | | | - Arayo Haga
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
| | | | - Tomonobu Umeda
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | | | | | - Takamasa Nonaka
- School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Deyashiki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie 513-8670, Japan
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18
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Jankowski M. Autotaxin: its role in biology of melanoma cells and as a pharmacological target. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:194857. [PMID: 21423677 PMCID: PMC3057024 DOI: 10.4061/2011/194857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an extracellular lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) released from normal cells and cancer cells. Activity of ATX is detected in various biological fluids. The lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is the main product of ATX. LPA acting through specific G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-LPA6) affects immunological response, normal development, and malignant tumors' formation and progression. In this review, the impact of autotoxin on biology of melanoma cells and potential treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jankowski
- Department of Therapy Monitoring and Pharmacogenetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
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19
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Hausmann J, Kamtekar S, Christodoulou E, Day JE, Wu T, Fulkerson Z, Albers HMHG, van Meeteren LA, Houben AJS, van Zeijl L, Jansen S, Andries M, Hall T, Pegg LE, Benson TE, Kasiem M, Harlos K, Kooi CWV, Smyth SS, Ovaa H, Bollen M, Morris AJ, Moolenaar WH, Perrakis A. Structural basis of substrate discrimination and integrin binding by autotaxin. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:198-204. [PMID: 21240271 PMCID: PMC3064516 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) or ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-2 (ENPP2) is a secreted lysophospholipase D that generates the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a mitogen and chemo-attractant for many cell types. ATX-LPA signaling has roles in various pathologies including tumour progression and inflammation. However, the molecular basis of substrate recognition and catalysis, and the mechanism of interaction with target cells, has been elusive. Here we present the crystal structure of ATX, alone and in complex with a small-molecule inhibitor. We identify a hydrophobic lipid-binding pocket and map key residues required for catalysis and selection between nucleotide and phospholipid substrates. We show that ATX interacts with cell-surface integrins via its N-terminal somatomedin-B-like domains, using an atypical mechanism. Our results define determinants of substrate discrimination by the ENPP family, suggest how ATX promotes localized LPA signaling, and enable new approaches to target ATX with small-molecule therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hausmann
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Day JE, Hall T, Pegg LE, Benson TE, Hausmann J, Kamtekar S. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of rat autotaxin. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:1127-9. [PMID: 20823544 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rat autotaxin has been cloned, expressed, purified to homogeneity and crystallized via hanging-drop vapour diffusion using PEG 3350 as precipitant and ammonium iodide and sodium thiocyanate as salts. The crystals diffracted to a maximum resolution of 2.05 A and belonged to space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a=53.8, b=63.3, c=70.5 A, alpha=98.8, beta=106.2, gamma=99.8 degrees. Preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the presence of one molecule per asymmetric unit, with a solvent content of 47%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Day
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, St Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
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