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Wang YK, Huang SC, Chang CY, Huang WT, Liao MJ, Yip BS, Chou FP, Li TTH, Wu TK. Multiple Pleomorphic Tetramers of Thermostable Direct Hemolysin from Grimontia hollisae in Exerting Hemolysis and Membrane Binding. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9833. [PMID: 31285470 PMCID: PMC6614540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomerization of protein into specific quaternary structures plays important biological functions, including regulation of gene expression, enzymes activity, and cell-cell interactions. Here, we report the determination of two crystal structures of the Grimontia hollisae (formally described as Vibrio hollisae) thermostable direct hemolysin (Gh-TDH), a pore-forming toxin. The toxin crystalized in the same space group of P21212, but with two different crystal packing patterns, each revealing three consistent tetrameric oligomerization forms called Oligomer-I, -II, and -III. A central pore with comparable depth of ~50 Å but differing in shape and size was observed in all determined toxin tetrameric oligomers. A common motif of a toxin dimer was found in all determined structures, suggesting a plausible minimum functional unit within the tetrameric structure in cell membrane binding and possible hemolytic activity. Our results show that bacterial toxins may form a single or highly symmetric oligomerization state when exerting their biological functions. The dynamic nature of multiple symmetric oligomers formed upon release of the toxin may open a niche for bacteria survival in harsh living environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kuo Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Cih Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chin-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Man-Jun Liao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bak-Sau Yip
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu, 30059, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Feng-Pai Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Thomas Tien-Hsiung Li
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Tung-Kung Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Huang SC, Wang YK, Huang WT, Kuo TM, Yip BS, Li THT, Wu TK. Potential antitumor therapeutic application of Grimontia hollisae thermostable direct hemolysin mutants. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:447-54. [PMID: 25640743 PMCID: PMC4409889 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the preparation of a new type of immunotoxin by conjugation of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-binding peptide and an R46E mutation of thermostable direct hemolysin from Grimontia hollisae, (Gh-TDHR46E/EB). The hybrid immunotoxin was purified to homogeneity and showed a single band with slight slower mobility than that of Gh-TDHR46E. Cytotoxicity assay of Gh-TDHR46E/EB on EGFR highly, moderately, low, and non-expressed cells, A431, MDA-MB-231, HeLa, and HEK293 cells, respectively, showed apparent cytotoxicity on A431 and MDA-MB-231 cells but not on HeLa or HEK293 cells. In contrast, no cytotoxicity was observed for these cells treated with either Gh-TDHR46E or EB alone, indicating enhanced cytotoxic efficacy of Gh-TDHR46E by the EGFR binding moiety. Further antitumor activity assay of Gh-TDHR46E/EB in a xenograft model of athymic nude mice showed obvious shrinkage of tumor size and degeneration, necrosis, and lesions of tumor tissues compared to the normal tissues. Therefore, the combination of Gh-TDHR46E with target affinity agents opens new possibilities for pharmacological treatment of cancers and potentiates the anticancer drug's effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Cih Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
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Lin YR, Chen YL, Wang KB, Wu YF, Wang YK, Huang SC, Liu TA, Nayak M, Yip BS, Wu TK. The thermostable direct hemolysin from Grimontia hollisae causes acute hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56226. [PMID: 23437095 PMCID: PMC3578849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G. hollisae thermostable direct hemolysin (Gh-TDH) is produced by most strains of G. hollisae. This toxin has been reported to be absorbed in the intestines in humans. Secondary liver injury might be caused by venous return of the toxin through the portal system. We aimed to firstly analyze the in vitro and in vivo hepatotoxicity of Gh-TDH. Methods Liver cells (primary human non-cancer cell and FL83B mouse cells) were treated and mice (BALB/c) were fed with this toxin to investigate its hepatotoxicity. Morphological examination and cytotoxicity assays using liver cells were also performed. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated toxin was used to analyze the localization of this protein in liver cells. Mice were subjected to liver function measurements and liver biopsies following toxin treatment and wild-type bacterial infection. PET (positron emission tomography)/CT (computed tomography) images were taken to assess liver metabolism during acute injury and recovery. Results The effect of hepatotoxicity was dose and time dependent. Cellular localization showed that the toxin was initially located around the cellular margins and subsequently entered the nucleus. Liver function measurements and liver biopsies of the mice following treatment with toxin or infection with wild-type Grimontia hollisae showed elevated levels of transaminases and damage to the periportal area, respectively. The PET/CT images revealed that the reconstruction of the liver continued for at least one week after exposure to a single dose of the toxin or bacterial infection. Conclusions The hepatotoxicity of Gh-TDH was firstly demonstrated. The damage was located in the periportal area of the liver, and the liver became functionally insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ren Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yao-Li Chen
- Transplant Medicine and Surgery Research Centre, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Keh-Bin Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fang Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Kuo Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (Y-KW); (B-SY); (T-KW)
| | - Sheng-Cih Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzu-An Liu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Manoswini Nayak
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bak-Sau Yip
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (Y-KW); (B-SY); (T-KW)
| | - Tung-Kung Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (Y-KW); (B-SY); (T-KW)
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Einspahr H, Weiss MS. Crystals on the cover 2012. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:1. [PMID: 22232160 PMCID: PMC3253823 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111053759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Editorial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred S. Weiss
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Macromolecular Crystallography (BESSY-MX), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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Wang YK, Huang SC, Wu YF, Chen YC, Lin YL, Nayak M, Lin YR, Chen WH, Chiu YR, Li TTH, Yeh BS, Wu TK. Site-directed mutations of thermostable direct hemolysin from Grimontia hollisae alter its arrhenius effect and biophysical properties. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:333-46. [PMID: 21494434 PMCID: PMC3076507 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant thermostable direct hemolysin from Grimontia hollisae (Gh-rTDH) exhibits paradoxical Arrhenius effect, where the hemolytic activity is inactivated by heating at 60 °C but is reactivated by additional heating above 80 °C. This study investigated individual or collective mutational effect of Tyr53, Thr59, and Ser63 positions of Gh-rTDH on hemolytic activity, Arrhenius effect, and biophysical properties. In contrast to the Gh-rTDH wild-type (Gh-rTDH(WT)) protein, a 2-fold decrease of hemolytic activity and alteration of Arrhenius effect could be detected from the Gh-rTDH(Y53H/T59I) and Gh-rTDH(T59I/S63T) double-mutants and the Gh-rTDH(Y53H/T59I/S63T) triple-mutant. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the Arrhenius effect-loss and -retaining mutants consistently exhibited higher and lower endothermic transition temperatures, respectively, than that of the Gh-rTDH(WT). Circular dichroism measurements of Gh-rTDH(WT) and Gh-rTDH(mut) showed a conspicuous change from a β-sheet to α-helix structure around the endothermic transition temperature. Consistent with the observation is the conformational change of the proteins from native globular form into fibrillar form, as determined by Congo red experiments and transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kuo Wang
- 1. Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 30068, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Cih Huang
- 1. Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 30068, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fang Wu
- 1. Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 30068, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ching Chen
- 1. Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 30068, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Ling Lin
- 1. Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 30068, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Manoswini Nayak
- 1. Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 30068, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yan Ren Lin
- 1. Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 30068, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hung Chen
- 1. Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 30068, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Rong Chiu
- 1. Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 30068, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Thomas Tien-Hsiung Li
- 2. Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 40227, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bo-Sou Yeh
- 3. Hsin Chu General Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Kung Wu
- 1. Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 30068, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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