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SpeS: A Novel Superantigen and Its Potential as a Vaccine Adjuvant against Strangles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124467. [PMID: 32586031 PMCID: PMC7352279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial superantigens (sAgs) are powerful activators of the immune response that trigger unspecific T cell responses accompanied by the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Streptococcus equi (S. equi) and Streptococcus zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) produce sAgs that play an important role in their ability to cause disease. Strangles, caused by S. equi, is one of the most common infectious diseases of horses worldwide. Here, we report the identification of a new sAg of S. zooepidemicus, SpeS, and show that mutation of the putative T cell receptor (TCR)-binding motif (YAY to IAY) abrogated TCR-binding, whilst maintaining interaction with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. The fusion of SpeS and SpeSY39I to six S. equi surface proteins using two different peptide linkers was conducted to determine if MHC class II-binding properties were maintained. Proliferation assays, qPCR and flow cytometry analysis showed that SpeSY39I and its fusion proteins induced less mitogenic activity and interferon gamma expression when compared to SpeS, whilst retaining Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC)-binding properties. Our data suggest that SpeSY39I-surface protein fusions could be used to direct vaccine antigens towards antigen-presenting cells in vivo with the potential to enhance antigen presentation and improve immune responses.
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Zhang Y, Qiao X, Yu X, Chen J, Hou L, Bi Z, Zheng Q, Hou J. Enhanced soluble production of cholera toxin B subunit in Escherichia coli by co-expression of SKP chaperones. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 138:1-6. [PMID: 28673733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) is a nontoxic portion of the cholera toxin that retains mucosal adjuvant properties. Expression of CTB in Escherichia coli is difficult as CTB aggregates and accumulates as insoluble inclusion bodies. To remedy this problem, the periplasmic chaperone, SKP, was investigated as possible co-expression partner to increase the solubility of recombinant CTB (rCTB) in E. coli. The result showed co-expression of SKP enhanced the soluble expression of rCTB in E. coli. Moreover, soluble rCTB was successfully expressed and secreted into the periplasmic space through the direction of the LTB leader signal. rCTB in periplasm was purified using an immobilized d-galactose resin; GM1-ELISA experiments showed that rCTB retains strong GM1 ganglioside-binding activity. Intranasal administration of ovalbumin (OVA) with rCTB significantly induced both mucosal and humoral immune responses specific to OVA. These data indicate that co-expression of the molecular chaperone SKP with CTB increased the solubility of rCTB while maintaining its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Zhang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuwen Qiao
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Chen
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liting Hou
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhixiang Bi
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qisheng Zheng
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jibo Hou
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu, China.
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Deb A, Johnson WA, Kline AP, Scott BJ, Meador LR, Srinivas D, Martin-Garcia JM, Dörner K, Borges CR, Misra R, Hogue BG, Fromme P, Mor TS. Bacterial expression, correct membrane targeting and functional folding of the HIV-1 membrane protein Vpu using a periplasmic signal peptide. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172529. [PMID: 28225803 PMCID: PMC5321405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral protein U (Vpu) is a type-III integral membrane protein encoded by Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV- 1). It is expressed in infected host cells and plays several roles in viral progeny escape from infected cells, including down-regulation of CD4 receptors. But key structure/function questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which the Vpu protein contributes to HIV-1 pathogenesis. Here we describe expression of Vpu in bacteria, its purification and characterization. We report the successful expression of PelB-Vpu in Escherichia coli using the leader peptide pectate lyase B (PelB) from Erwinia carotovora. The protein was detergent extractable and could be isolated in a very pure form. We demonstrate that the PelB signal peptide successfully targets Vpu to the cell membranes and inserts it as a type I membrane protein. PelB-Vpu was biophysically characterized by circular dichroism and dynamic light scattering experiments and was shown to be an excellent candidate for elucidating structural models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Deb
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - William A. Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Alexander P. Kline
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Boston J. Scott
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lydia R. Meador
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Dustin Srinivas
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jose M. Martin-Garcia
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- The Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Katerina Dörner
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Chad R. Borges
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- The Biodesign Center for Personal Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rajeev Misra
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Brenda G. Hogue
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- The Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Petra Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- The Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tsafrir S. Mor
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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Martin-Garcia JM, Conrad CE, Coe J, Roy-Chowdhury S, Fromme P. Serial femtosecond crystallography: A revolution in structural biology. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 602:32-47. [PMID: 27143509 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular crystallography at synchrotron sources has proven to be the most influential method within structural biology, producing thousands of structures since its inception. While its utility has been instrumental in progressing our knowledge of structures of molecules, it suffers from limitations such as the need for large, well-diffracting crystals, and radiation damage that can hamper native structural determination. The recent advent of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) and their implementation in the emerging field of serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) has given rise to a remarkable expansion upon existing crystallographic constraints, allowing structural biologists access to previously restricted scientific territory. SFX relies on exceptionally brilliant, micro-focused X-ray pulses, which are femtoseconds in duration, to probe nano/micrometer sized crystals in a serial fashion. This results in data sets comprised of individual snapshots, each capturing Bragg diffraction of single crystals in random orientations prior to their subsequent destruction. Thus structural elucidation while avoiding radiation damage, even at room temperature, can now be achieved. This emerging field has cultivated new methods for nanocrystallogenesis, sample delivery, and data processing. Opportunities and challenges within SFX are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Martin-Garcia
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA; Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-7401, USA
| | - Chelsie E Conrad
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA; Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-7401, USA
| | - Jesse Coe
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA; Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-7401, USA
| | - Shatabdi Roy-Chowdhury
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA; Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-7401, USA
| | - Petra Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA; Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-7401, USA.
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Abdallah BG, Zatsepin NA, Roy-Chowdhury S, Coe J, Conrad CE, Dörner K, Sierra RG, Stevenson HP, Camacho-Alanis F, Grant TD, Nelson G, James D, Calero G, Wachter RM, Spence JCH, Weierstall U, Fromme P, Ros A. Microfluidic sorting of protein nanocrystals by size for X-ray free-electron laser diffraction. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2015; 2:041719. [PMID: 26798818 PMCID: PMC4711642 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The advent and application of the X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) has uncovered the structures of proteins that could not previously be solved using traditional crystallography. While this new technology is powerful, optimization of the process is still needed to improve data quality and analysis efficiency. One area is sample heterogeneity, where variations in crystal size (among other factors) lead to the requirement of large data sets (and thus 10-100 mg of protein) for determining accurate structure factors. To decrease sample dispersity, we developed a high-throughput microfluidic sorter operating on the principle of dielectrophoresis, whereby polydisperse particles can be transported into various fluid streams for size fractionation. Using this microsorter, we isolated several milliliters of photosystem I nanocrystal fractions ranging from 200 to 600 nm in size as characterized by dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking, and electron microscopy. Sorted nanocrystals were delivered in a liquid jet via the gas dynamic virtual nozzle into the path of the XFEL at the Linac Coherent Light Source. We obtained diffraction to ∼4 Å resolution, indicating that the small crystals were not damaged by the sorting process. We also observed the shape transforms of photosystem I nanocrystals, demonstrating that our device can optimize data collection for the shape transform-based phasing method. Using simulations, we show that narrow crystal size distributions can significantly improve merged data quality in serial crystallography. From this proof-of-concept work, we expect that the automated size-sorting of protein crystals will become an important step for sample production by reducing the amount of protein needed for a high quality final structure and the development of novel phasing methods that exploit inter-Bragg reflection intensities or use variations in beam intensity for radiation damage-induced phasing. This method will also permit an analysis of the dependence of crystal quality on crystal size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raymond G Sierra
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Hilary P Stevenson
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Fernanda Camacho-Alanis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Thomas D Grant
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
| | | | | | - Guillermo Calero
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Rebekka M Wachter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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Gong Z, Kessans SA, Song L, Dörner K, Lee HH, Meador LR, LaBaer J, Hogue BG, Mor TS, Fromme P. Recombinant expression, purification, and biophysical characterization of the transmembrane and membrane proximal domains of HIV-1 gp41. Protein Sci 2014; 23:1607-18. [PMID: 25155369 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane subunit (gp41) of the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 associates noncovalently with the surface subunit (gp120) and together they play essential roles in viral mucosal transmission and infection of target cells. The membrane proximal region (MPR) of gp41 is highly conserved and contains epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies. The transmembrane (TM) domain of gp41 not only anchors the envelope glycoprotein complex in the viral membrane but also dynamically affects the interactions of the MPR with the membrane. While high-resolution X-ray structures of some segments of the MPR were solved in the past, they represent the post-fusion forms. Structural information on the TM domain of gp41 is scant and at low resolution. Here we describe the design, expression and purification of a protein construct that includes MPR and the transmembrane domain of gp41 (MPR-TMTEV-6His), which reacts with the broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 and thereby may represent an immunologically relevant conformation mimicking a prehairpin intermediate of gp41. The expression level of MPR-TMTEV-6His was improved by fusion to the C-terminus of Mistic protein, yielding ∼ 1 mg of pure protein per liter. The isolated MPR-TMTEV-6His protein was biophysically characterized and is a monodisperse candidate for crystallization. This work will enable further investigation into the structure of MPR-TMTEV-6His, which will be important for the structure-based design of a mucosal vaccine against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287-1604; The Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287
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