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Zhu G, Han M, Xiao B, Gan Z. On the Microcrystal Structure of Sputtered Cu Films Deposited on Si(100) Surfaces: Experiment and Integrated Multiscale Simulation. Molecules 2023; 28:4786. [PMID: 37375341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sputtered Cu/Si thin films were experimentally prepared at different sputtering pressures and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and an atomic force microscope (AFM). Simultaneously, an application-oriented simulation approach for magnetron sputtering deposition was proposed in this work. In this integrated multiscale simulation, the sputtered atom transport was modeled using the Monte Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD) coupling method, and the deposition of sputtered atoms was simulated using the MD method. This application-oriented simulation approach was used to simulate the growth of Cu/Si(100) thin films at different sputtering pressures. The experimental results unveiled that, as the sputtering pressure decreased from 2 to 0.15 Pa, the surface roughness of Cu thin films gradually decreased; (111)-oriented grains were dominant in Cu thin films and the crystal quality of the Cu thin film was gradually improved. The simulation results were consistent with the experimental characterization results. The simulation results revealed that the transformation of the film growth mode from the Volmer-Weber growth mode to the two-dimensional layered growth mode resulted in a decrease in the surface roughness of Cu thin films; the increase in the amorphous compound CuSix and the hcp copper silicide with the decrease in the sputtering pressure was responsible for the improvement of the crystal quality of the Cu thin film. This work proposed a more realistic, integrated simulation scheme for magnetron sputtering deposition, providing theoretical guidance for the efficient preparation of high-quality sputtered films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhu
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, China
| | - Mengxin Han
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, China
| | - Baijun Xiao
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, China
| | - Zhiyin Gan
- School of Mechanical Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Yu X, Cheng Y, Li Y, Polo-Garzon F, Liu J, Mamontov E, Li M, Lennon D, Parker SF, Ramirez-Cuesta AJ, Wu Z. Neutron Scattering Studies of Heterogeneous Catalysis. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37315192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structural dynamics/evolution of catalysts and the related surface chemistry is essential for establishing structure-catalysis relationships, where spectroscopic and scattering tools play a crucial role. Among many such tools, neutron scattering, though less-known, has a unique power for investigating catalytic phenomena. Since neutrons interact with the nuclei of matter, the neutron-nucleon interaction provides unique information on light elements (mainly hydrogen), neighboring elements, and isotopes, which are complementary to X-ray and photon-based techniques. Neutron vibrational spectroscopy has been the most utilized neutron scattering approach for heterogeneous catalysis research by providing chemical information on surface/bulk species (mostly H-containing) and reaction chemistry. Neutron diffraction and quasielastic neutron scattering can also supply important information on catalyst structures and dynamics of surface species. Other neutron approaches, such as small angle neutron scattering and neutron imaging, have been much less used but still give distinctive catalytic information. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in neutron scattering investigations of heterogeneous catalysis, focusing on surface adsorbates, reaction mechanisms, and catalyst structural changes revealed by neutron spectroscopy, diffraction, quasielastic neutron scattering, and other neutron techniques. Perspectives are also provided on the challenges and future opportunities in neutron scattering studies of heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbin Yu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37381, United States
| | - Yongqiang Cheng
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37381, United States
| | - Felipe Polo-Garzon
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37381, United States
| | - Jue Liu
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Eugene Mamontov
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Meijun Li
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - David Lennon
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F Parker
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Anibal J Ramirez-Cuesta
- Neutron Technologies Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Zili Wu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37381, United States
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Parker SF, Ramirez-Cuesta AJ, Daemen L. Vibrational spectroscopy with neutrons: Recent developments. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 190:518-523. [PMID: 28972940 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this short review, we will briefly summarise the differences between INS spectroscopy and conventional infrared and Raman spectroscopies. We will illustrate these with the current state-of-the art, using C70 as an example. The main focus of the article will be on the key advances in INS spectroscopy over the last ten years or so, that are driving new areas of research. The developments fall into three broad categories: (i) new sources, (ii) new and/or upgraded instrumentation and (iii) novel uses for existing instruments. For (i) we summarise the new neutron sources that are now, or will be, operating. For (ii) we show the capabilities of new or upgraded instruments. These offer unprecedented levels of sensitivity: sub-millimole quantities of hydrogen can be measured and millimole quantities of low cross section materials. Recent work on hexahalo metallates and adsorbed CO2 is used to demonstrate what is now feasible. For (iii), instruments that were designed for studies of magnetism, are now being used for molecular spectroscopy, especially for catalysts. This is illustrated with work on CuH and methanol synthesis catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart F Parker
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK.
| | - Anibal J Ramirez-Cuesta
- Chemical & Engineering Materials Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Luke Daemen
- Chemical & Engineering Materials Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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Chemical generation of volatile species of copper – Optimization, efficiency and investigation of volatile species nature. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 977:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Li Y, Korzhavyi PA. Physical and chemical properties of Cu(i) compounds with O and/or H. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:529-538. [PMID: 27966719 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04376c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure and chemical bonding of Cu(i) compounds with O and/or H are investigated using ab initio calculations based on density functional theory. A hybrid functional PBE0 is employed, which accurately reproduces an experimental band gap of cuprite Cu2O. Cuprous hydroxide CuOH (cuprice) is found to be an indirect band gap semiconductor. Depending on the bond network configuration of CuOH, its band gap is found to vary between 2.73 eV and 3.03 eV. The presence of hydrogen in CuOH has little effect on the character of Cu-O bonds, as compared to Cu2O, but lowers the energy levels of the occupied states upon O-H bond formation. The bonding charge density and electron localization function calculations reveal that a closed-shell Cu-Cu interaction takes place in Cu2O and CuOH between the neighbouring Cu cations belonging to different bond networks. Besides, three structures of cuprous hydride CuH are investigated. We find that the halite structure of CuH can be stabilized at high pressure (above 32 GPa) while wurtzite is the most stable structure of CuH at ambient pressure. The H-H interaction contributes to the dynamical stabilization of the halite structure. The wurtzite and sphalerite structures of CuH are predicted to be semiconducting with small band gaps, while the halite structure is calculated to be metallic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunguo Li
- Division of Materials Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pavel A Korzhavyi
- Division of Materials Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lousada CM, Fernandes RMF, Tarakina NV, Soroka IL. Synthesis of copper hydride (CuH) from CuCO3·Cu(OH)2 – a path to electrically conductive thin films of Cu. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:6533-6543. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00511c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High purity CuH nano-sized particles have been synthesized in aqueous media and then converted to electrically conductive thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio M. Lousada
- Division of Materials Technology
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Ricardo M. F. Fernandes
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Applied Physical Chemistry
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Nadezda V. Tarakina
- The NanoVision Centre
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London E1 4NS
- UK
| | - Inna L. Soroka
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Applied Physical Chemistry
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm
- Sweden
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Chapman KW, Parsons S, Walton RI. Introduction to the special issue on energy materials. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2015; 71:583-584. [PMID: 26634714 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520615022477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karena W Chapman
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Simon Parsons
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Richard I Walton
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland
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