Intricacies of ligand coordination in tricarbonylchromium(0) complexes with ortho- and para-fluorobiphenyls

1,2-Diphenyl-o-carborane and Its Chromium Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, X-ray Structural Studies, and Biological Evaluations

The objective of this study is to design and synthesize substituted η⁶-chromium(0) tricarbonyl metal complexes carrying o-carborane units as potential boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) agents. In this study, 1,2-diphenyl-o-carborane (1) units were used as starting materials to generate biologically active species. We investigated how the structural changes of 1 substituted with chromium(0) tricarbonyl affect the biological properties, and 1-(Phenyl-η⁶-chromium(0) tricarbonyl)-2-phenyl-o-carborane (2) and 1,2-bis(phenyl-η⁶-chromium(0) tricarbonyl)-o-carborane (3) species were produced in moderate yields. The molecular structures of compounds 1-3 were identified and established by infrared (IR); ¹H, ¹¹B, and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray crystallography analyses. Crystal structures of 1,2-diphenyl-o-carborane and the corresponding chromium complexes 1, 2, and 3 were obtained. In an in vitro study using B16 and CT26 cancer cells containing the triphenyl-o-carboranyl chromium(0) complexes Ph3C2BCr2 and Ph3C2BCr3, which we reported previously, compounds 2 and 3 accumulated at higher levels than compounds Ph3C2BCr2 and Ph3C2BCr3. However, the phenylated o-carboranyl chromium complexes have been found to be more cytotoxic than p-boronophenylalanine (BPA).

Orientational disorder of monomethyl-quinacridone investigated by Rietveld refinement, structure refinement to the pair distribution function and lattice-energy minimizations

The crystal structure of the organic pigment 2-monomethyl-quinacridone (Pigment Red 192, C₂₁H₁₄N₂O₂) was solved from X-ray powder diffraction data. The resulting average structure is described in space group P\overline 1, Z = 1 with the molecule on the inversion centre. The molecules are arranged in chains. The molecules, which have no inversion symmetry, show orientational head-to-tail disorder. In the average structure, the methyl group is disordered and found on both ends of the molecule with an occupancy of 0.5 each. The disorder and the local structure were investigated using various ordered structural models. All models were analysed by three approaches: Rietveld refinement, structure refinement to the pair distribution function (PDF) and lattice-energy minimization. All refinements converged well. The Rietveld refinement provided the average structure and gave no indication of a long-range ordering. The refinement to the PDF turned out to be very sensitive to small structural details, giving insight into the local structure. The lattice-energy minimizations revealed a significantly preferred local ordering of neighbouring molecules along the [0\bar 11] direction. In conclusion, all methods indicate a statistical orientational disorder with a preferred parallel orientation of molecules in one direction. Additionally, electron diffraction revealed twinning and faint diffuse scattering.