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Fellowes T, Sani MA, White JM. Fingerprints of Chalcogen Bonding Revealed Through 77Se-NMR. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400385. [PMID: 38506412 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
77Se-NMR is used to characterise several chalcogen bonded complexes of derivatives of the organoselenium drug ebselen, exploring a range of electron demand. NMR titration experiments support the intuitive understanding that chalcogen bond donors bearing more electron withdrawing substituents give rise stronger chalcogen bonds. The chemical shift of the selenium nucleus is also shown to move upfield as it participates in a chalcogen bond. Solid-state NMR is used to explore chalcogen bonding in co-crystals. Due to the lack of molecular reorientation on the NMR timescale in the solid state, the shape of the chemical shift tensor can be determined using this technique. A range of co-crystals are shown to have extremely large chemical shift anisotropy, which suggests a strongly anisotropic electron density distribution around the selenium atom. A single crystal NMR experiment was conducted using one of the co-crystals, affording the absolute orientation of the chemical shift tensor within the crystal. This showed that the selenium nucleus is strongly shielded in the direction of the chalcogen bond (due to the approach of the lone pair of the Lewis base), and strongly deshielded in the perpendicular direction. The orientation of the deshielded axis is consistent with the presence of a second σ-hole which is not participating in a chalcogen bond, showing the profound effect of electron density anisotropy on the chemical shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fellowes
- Bio21 Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marc A Sani
- Bio21 Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan M White
- Bio21 Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Dhaka A, Jeon IR, Fourmigué M. Selective Activation of Chalcogen Bonding: An Efficient Structuring Tool toward Crystal Engineering Strategies. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:362-374. [PMID: 38275221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusAmong the noncovalent interactions available in the toolbox of crystal engineering, chalcogen bonding (ChB) has recently entered the growing family of σ-hole interactions, following the strong developments based on the halogen bonding (XB) interaction over the last 30 years. The monovalent character of halogens provides halogen bonding directionality and strength. Combined with the extensive organic chemistry of Br and I derivatives, it has led to many applications of XB, in solution (organo-catalysis, anion recognition and transport), in the solid state (cocrystals, conducting materials, fluorescent materials, topochemical reactions, ...), in soft matter (liquid crystals, gels,···), and in biochemistry. The recognition of the presence of two σ-holes on divalent chalcogens and the ability to activate them, as in XB, with electron-withdrawing groups (EWG) has fueled more recent interest in chalcogen bonding. However, despite being identified for many years, ChB still struggles to make a mark due to (i) the underdeveloped synthetic chemistry of heavier Se and Te; (ii) the limited stability of organic chalcogenides, especially tellurides; and (iii) the poor predictability of ChB associated with the presence of two σ-holes. It therefore invites a great deal of attention of molecular chemists to design and develop selected ChB donors, for the scrutiny of fundamentals of ChB and their successful use in different applications. This Account aims to summarize our own contributions in this direction that extend from fundamental studies focused on addressing the lack of directionality/predictability in ChB to a systematic demonstration of its potential, specifically in crystal engineering, and particularly toward anionic networks on the one hand, topochemical reactions on the other hand.In this Account, we share our recent results aimed at recovering with ChB the same degree of strength and predictability found with XB, by focusing on divalent Se and Te systems with two different substituents, one of them with an EWG, to strongly unbalance both σ-holes. For that purpose, we explored this dissymmetrization concept within three chemical families, selenocyanates R-SeCN, alkynyl derivatives R-C≡C-(Se/Te)Me, and o-carborane derivatives. Such compounds were systematically engaged in cocrystals with either halides or neutral bipyridines as ChB acceptors, revealing their strong potential to chelate halides as well as their ability to organize reactive molecules such as alkenes and butadiynes toward [2+2] cycloadditions and polydiacetylene formation, respectively. This selective activation concept is not limited to ChB but can be effectively used on all other σ-hole interactions (pnictogen bond, tetrel bond, etc.) where one needs to control the directionality of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Dhaka
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226 (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Ie-Rang Jeon
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226 (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Marc Fourmigué
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226 (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
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Radiush EA, Wang H, Chulanova EA, Ponomareva YA, Li B, Wei QY, Salnikov GE, Petrakova SY, Semenov NA, Zibarev AV. Halide Complexes of 5,6-Dicyano-2,1,3-Benzoselenadiazole with 1 : 4 Stoichiometry: Cooperativity between Chalcogen and Hydrogen Bonding. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300523. [PMID: 37750466 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The [M4 -Hal]- (M=the title compound; Hal=Cl, Br, and I) complexes were isolated in the form of salts of [Et4 N]+ cation and characterized by XRD, NMR, UV-Vis, DFT, QTAIM, EDD, and EDA. Their stoichiometry is caused by a cooperative interplay of σ-hole-driven chalcogen (ChB) and hydrogen (HB) bondings. In the crystal, [M4 -Hal]- are connected by the π-hole-driven ChB; overall, each [Hal]- is six-coordinated. In the ChB, the electrostatic interaction dominates over orbital and dispersion interactions. In UV-Vis spectra of the M+[Hal]- solutions, ChB-typical and [Hal]- -dependent charge-transfer bands are present; they reflect orbital interactions and allow identification of the individual [Hal]- . However, the structural situation in the solutions is not entirely clear. Particularly, the UV-Vis spectra of the solutions are different from the solid-state spectra of the [Et4 N]+ [M4 -Hal]- ; very tentatively, species in the solutions are assigned [M-Hal]- . It is supposed that the formation of the [M4 -Hal]- proceeds during the crystallization of the [Et4 N]+ [M4 -Hal]- . Overall, M can be considered as a chromogenic receptor and prototype sensor of [Hal]- . The findings are also useful for crystal engineering and supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Radiush
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Elena A Chulanova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Current address: Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yana A Ponomareva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Research University - Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Bin Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Yu Wei
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Georgy E Salnikov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana Yu Petrakova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Semenov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V Zibarev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Sarkar D, Bhattacharya A, Meyer J, Kirchberger AM, Mishra V, Nilges T, Michaelis VK. Unraveling Sodium-Ion Dynamics in Honeycomb-Layered Na 2Mg xZn 2-xTeO 6 Solid Electrolytes with Solid-State NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19727-19745. [PMID: 37642533 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have the potential to offer large-scale, safe, cost-effective, and sustainable energy storage solutions by supplementing the industry-leading lithium-ion batteries. However, for the enhanced bulk properties of SIB components (e.g., solid electrolytes), a comprehensive understanding of their atomic-scale structure and the dynamic behavior of sodium (Na) ions is essential. Here, we utilize a robust multinuclear (23Na, 125Te, 25Mg, and 67Zn) magnetic resonance approach to explore a novel Mg/Zn homogeneously mixed-cation honeycomb-layered oxide Na2MgxZn2-xTeO6 solid solution series. These new intermediate compounds exhibit tailorable bulk Na-ion conductivity (σ) with the highest σ = 0.14 × 10-4 S cm-1 for Na2MgZnTeO6 at room temperature suitable for SIB solid electrolyte applications as observed by powder electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A combination of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) reveals highly crystalline phase-pure compounds in the P6322 space group. We show that the Mg/Zn disorder is random within the honeycomb layers using 125Te nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and resolve multiple Na sites using two-dimensional (triple-quantum magic-angle spinning (3QMAS)) 23Na NMR. The medium-range disorder in the honeycomb layer is revealed through the combination of 25Mg and 67Zn NMR, complemented by electronic structure calculations using density functional theory (DFT). Furthermore, we expose very fast local Na-ion hopping processes (hopping rate, 1/τNMR = 0.83 × 109 Hz) by using a laser to achieve variable high-temperature (∼860 K) 23Na NMR, which are sensitive to different Mg/Zn ratios. The Na2MgZnTeO6 with maximum Mg/Zn disorder displays the highest short-range Na-ion dynamics among all of the solid solution members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diganta Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Amit Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jan Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching b., München, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Kirchberger
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching b., München, Germany
- TUMint Energy Research GmbH, 85748 Garching b., München, Germany
| | - Vidyanshu Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tom Nilges
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching b., München, Germany
| | - Vladimir K Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Amonov A, Scheiner S. Competition between Binding to Various Sites of Substituted Imidazoliums. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37490696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The imidazolium cation has a number of different sites that can interact with a nucleophile. Adding a halogen atom (X) or a chalcogen (YH) group introduces the possibility of an NX···nuc halogen or NY···nuc chalcogen bond, which competes against the various H-bonds (NH and CH donors) as well as the lone pair···π interaction wherein the nucleophile lies above the plane of the cation. Substituted imidazoliums are paired with the NH3 base, and the various different complexes are evaluated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The strength of XB and YB increases quickly along with the size and polarizability of the X/Y atom, and this sort of bond is the strongest for the heavier Br, I, Se, and Te atoms, followed by the NH···N H-bond, but this order reverses for Cl and S. The various CH···N H-bonds are comparable to one another and to the lone pair···π bond, all with interaction energies of 10-13 kcal/mol, values which show very little dependence upon the substituent placed on the imidazolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtam Amonov
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy, Engineering Physics Institute, Samarkand State University, University blv. 15, Samarkand 140104, Uzbekistan
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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Scheiner S. Competition Between the Two σ-Holes in the Formation of a Chalcogen Bond. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200936. [PMID: 36744997 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A chalcogen atom Y contains two separate σ-holes when in a R1 YR2 molecular bonding pattern. Quantum chemical calculations consider competition between these two σ-holes to engage in a chalcogen bond (ChB) with a NH3 base. R groups considered include F, Br, I, and tert-butyl (tBu). Also examined is the situation where the Y lies within a chalcogenazole ring, where its neighbors are C and N. Both electron-withdrawing substituents R1 and R2 act cooperatively to deepen the two σ-holes, but the deeper of the two holes consistently lies opposite to the more electron-withdrawing group, and is also favored to form a stronger ChB. The formation of two simultaneous ChBs in a triad requires the Y atom to act as double electron acceptor, and so anti-cooperativity weakens each bond relative to the simple dyad. This effect is such that some of the shallower σ-holes are unable to form a ChB at all when a base occupies the other site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 84322-0300, Logan, Utah, USA
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