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Plaza-Garrido M, Salinas-Garcia MC, Alba-Elena D, Martínez JC, Camara-Artigas A. Lysozyme crystals dyed with bromophenol blue: where has the dye gone? ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 76:845-856. [PMID: 32876060 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320008803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Protein crystals can easily be coloured by adding dyes to their mother liquor, but most structures of these protein-dye complexes remain unsolved. Here, structures of lysozyme in complex with bromophenol blue obtained by soaking orthorhombic and tetragonal crystals in a saturated solution of the dye at different pH values from 5.0 to 7.5 are reported. Two different binding sites can be found in the lysozyme-bromophenol blue crystals: binding site I is located near the amino- and carboxyl-termini, while binding site II is located adjacent to helices α1 (residues 4-15) and α3 (residues 88-100). In the orthorhombic crystals soaked at pH 7.0, binding of the dye takes place in both sites without significant changes in the unit cell. However, soaking tetragonal crystals with bromophenol blue results in two different complexes. Crystals soaked at pH 5.5 (HEWL-T1) show a single dye molecule bound to site II, and the crystals belong to space group P43212 without significant changes in the unit cell (a = b = 78.50, c = 37.34 Å). On the other hand, crystals soaked at pH 6.5 in the presence of imidazole (HEWL-T2) show up to eight molecules of the dye bound to site II, and display changes in space group (P212121) and unit cell (a = 38.00, b = 76.65, c = 84.86 Å). In all of the structures, the dye molecules are placed at the surface of the protein near to positively charged residues accessible through the main solvent channels of the crystal. Differences in the arrangement of the dye molecules at the surface of the protein suggest that the binding is not specific and is mainly driven by electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Plaza-Garrido
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3) and CIAMBITAL, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M Carmen Salinas-Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3) and CIAMBITAL, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Daniel Alba-Elena
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3) and CIAMBITAL, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Jose C Martínez
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Camara-Artigas
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3) and CIAMBITAL, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Moreno-Chicano T, Ebrahim A, Axford D, Appleby MV, Beale JH, Chaplin AK, Duyvesteyn HME, Ghiladi RA, Owada S, Sherrell DA, Strange RW, Sugimoto H, Tono K, Worrall JAR, Owen RL, Hough MA. High-throughput structures of protein-ligand complexes at room temperature using serial femtosecond crystallography. IUCRJ 2019; 6:1074-1085. [PMID: 31709063 PMCID: PMC6830213 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519011655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput X-ray crystal structures of protein-ligand complexes are critical to pharmaceutical drug development. However, cryocooling of crystals and X-ray radiation damage may distort the observed ligand binding. Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) using X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) can produce radiation-damage-free room-temperature structures. Ligand-binding studies using SFX have received only modest attention, partly owing to limited beamtime availability and the large quantity of sample that is required per structure determination. Here, a high-throughput approach to determine room-temperature damage-free structures with excellent sample and time efficiency is demonstrated, allowing complexes to be characterized rapidly and without prohibitive sample requirements. This yields high-quality difference density maps allowing unambiguous ligand placement. Crucially, it is demonstrated that ligands similar in size or smaller than those used in fragment-based drug design may be clearly identified in data sets obtained from <1000 diffraction images. This efficiency in both sample and XFEL beamtime opens the door to true high-throughput screening of protein-ligand complexes using SFX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeo Moreno-Chicano
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, England
| | - Ali Ebrahim
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, England
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, England
| | - Danny Axford
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, England
| | - Martin V. Appleby
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, England
| | - John H. Beale
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, England
| | - Amanda K. Chaplin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, England
| | - Helen M. E. Duyvesteyn
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, England
- Division of Structural Biology (STRUBI), University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - Reza A. Ghiladi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Shigeki Owada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Darren A. Sherrell
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, England
| | - Richard W. Strange
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, England
| | | | - Kensuke Tono
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Jonathan A. R. Worrall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, England
| | - Robin L. Owen
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, England
| | - Michael A. Hough
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, England
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