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Zhang Q, Li A, Yan Y, Wu Y, Zhang X. Systematic thermodynamic analysis of apremilast polymorphs via solubility measurement with modeling: Mechanism evaluation through molecular simulation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 165:105958. [PMID: 34314840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The polymorphism of apremilast has been investigated. Two polymorphs have been identified and characterized by differential scanning calorimeter, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffractometer. Solubilities of apremilast forms B and E in three binary solvents of methanol-water, acetonitrile-water, and acetonitrile-methanol have been measured using the static method at a temperature ranging from 288.15 K to 328.15 K under standard atmospheric pressure. Subsequently, the solubility data have been analyzed using the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC thermodynamic models, respectively. Furthermore, the Gibbs energy of solution and the radial distribution function have been calculated using the molecular simulation method to evaluate the dissolution mechanism. The Gibbs energy of solution reveals that the rank of solute-solvent interaction correlated well with solubility order in binary solvent mixtures, and the radial distribution function indicates that weakening of solvent-solvent interaction led to an increase in solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yizhen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yanyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Dudek MK, Wielgus E, Paluch P, Śniechowska J, Kostrzewa M, Day GM, Bujacz GD, Potrzebowski MJ. Understanding the formation of apremilast cocrystals. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2019; 75:803-814. [PMID: 32830759 DOI: 10.1107/s205252061900917x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Apremilast (APR), an anti-psoriatic agent, easily forms isostructural cocrystals and solvates with aromatic entities, often disobeying at the same time Kitaigorodsky's rule as to the saturation of possible hydrogen-bonding sites. In this paper the reasons for this peculiar behavior are investigated, employing a joint experimental and theoretical approach. This includes the design of cocrystals with coformers having a high propensity towards the formation of both aromatic-aromatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions, determination of their structure, using solid-state NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, as well as calculations of stabilization energies of formation of the obtained cocrystals, followed by crystal structure prediction calculations and solubility measurements. The findings indicate that the stabilization energies of cocrystal formation are positive in all cases, which results from strain in the APR conformation in these crystal forms. On the other hand, solubility measurements show that the Gibbs free energy of formation of the apremilast:picolinamide cocrystal is negative, suggesting that the formation of the studied cocrystals is entropy driven. This entropic stabilization is associated with the disorder observed in almost all known cocrystals and solvates of APR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta K Dudek
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies PAS, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz, 90363, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wielgus
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies PAS, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz, 90363, Poland
| | - Piotr Paluch
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies PAS, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz, 90363, Poland
| | - Justyna Śniechowska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies PAS, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz, 90363, Poland
| | - Maciej Kostrzewa
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies PAS, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz, 90363, Poland
| | - Graeme M Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Grzegorz D Bujacz
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, Lodz, 90-924, Poland
| | - Marek J Potrzebowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies PAS, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz, 90363, Poland
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