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Abdallah AEM, Elgemeie GH, Jones PG. Crystal structure of N-[3-(benzo[ d]thia-zol-2-yl)-6-bromo-2 H-chromen-2-yl-idene]-4-methyl-benzenamine. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2023; 79:441-445. [PMID: 37151827 PMCID: PMC10162085 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989023002979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The title compound, C23H15BrN2OS, was the unexpected product in an attempted synthesis of the isomeric 3-(benzo[d]thia-zol-2-yl)-6-bromo-1-p-tolyl-quinolin-2(1H)-one. The Cchromene=N-C angle is wide [125.28 (8)°]. The benzo-thia-zole and chromene ring systems are almost coplanar, with their planes parallel to (10); the toluene ring system is rotated by ca 40° out of the chromene plane. The mol-ecular packing involves layers with π-stacking, borderline 'weak' hydrogen bonds and possible C-H⋯π contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Galal H. Elgemeie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence e-mail:
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Azzam RA, Elboshi HA, Elgemeie GH. Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties and Molecular Docking of New Benzothiazole Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents Targeting DHPS Enzyme. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121799. [PMID: 36551457 PMCID: PMC9774648 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug-resistance problem is widely spread and becoming more common in community-acquired and nosocomial strains of bacteria. Therefore, finding new antimicrobial agents remains an important drug target. From this perspective, new derivatives of benzothiazole were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity and ability to inhibit the DHPS enzyme. The synthesis was carried out by the reaction of benzothiazole N-arylsulphonylhydrazone with N-aryl-2-cyano-3-(dimethylamino)acrylamide, N-aryl-3-(dimethylamino)prop-2-en-1-one, arylaldehydes or diazonium salt of arylamine derivatives, which led to the formation of N-arylsulfonylpyridones 6a-d (yield 60-70%) and 12a-c (yield 50-60%),N-(2-(benzo[d]thiazole-2-yl)-3-arylacryloyl-4-methylsulfonohydrazide 14a-c (yield 60-65%), 4-(benzo[d]thiazole-2-yl)-5-aryl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one 16a-c (yield 65-75%), and N'-(2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-arylhydrazono)acetyl)-4-arylsulfonohydrazide 19a-e (yield 85-70%). The antimicrobial evaluations resulted into a variety of microbial activities against the tested strains. Most compounds showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus with an MIC range of 0.025 to 2.609 mM. The most active compound, 16c, exhibited superior activity against the S. aureus strain with an of MIC 0.025 mM among all tested compounds, outperforming both standard drugs ampicillin and sulfadiazine. The physicochemical-pharmacokinetic properties of the synthesized compounds were studied, and it was discovered that some compounds do not violate rule of five and have good bioavailability and drug-likeness scores. The five antimicrobial potent compounds with good physicochemical-pharmacokinetic properties were then examined for their inhibition of DHPS enzyme. According to the finding, three compounds, 16a-c, had IC50 values comparable to the standard drug and revealed that compound 16b was the most active compound with an IC50 value of 7.85 μg/mL, which is comparable to that of sulfadiazine (standard drug) with an IC50 value of 7.13 μg/mL. A docking study was performed to better understand the interaction of potent compounds with the binding sites of the DHPS enzyme, which revealed that compounds 16a-c are linked by two arene-H interactions with Lys220 within the PABA pocket.
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Azzam RA, Elgemeie GH, Gad NM, Jones PG. 4-Amino-5-(4-bromobenzoyl)-3-(benzo[ d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-[(2′,3′,4′,6′-tetra- O-acetyl-β- D-galactopyranosyl)sulfanyl]thiophene. IUCRDATA 2022; 7:x220412. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314622004126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the title compound, C32H29BrN2O10S3, the benzothiazole and thiophene ring systems subtend an interplanar angle of 7.43 (12)°. The NH2 group forms intramolecular hydrogen bonds to Nthiazole and Ocarbonyl. The Sgalactose—Cthiophene bond is short [1.759 (2) Å]. The molecules are connected to form ribbons parallel to the b axis by two `weak' hydrogen bonds and a short Namino...Sgalactose contact.
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Metwally NH, Elgemeie GH, Jones PG. Crystal structure of 2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)benzo[ d]thiazole. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 78:445-448. [PMID: 35492282 PMCID: PMC8983990 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022003279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The title compound was synthesized efficiently in the solid state by exploiting pepsin catalysis. The ring systems are nearly coplanar. A short intramolecular S⋯O=C contact is observed. The title compound, C15H13NO2S, was synthesized efficiently in the solid state by exploiting pepsin catalysis. The ring systems are nearly coplanar [interplanar angle of 5.38 (2)°] with an associated intramolecular S⋯O=C short contact of 2.7082 (4) Å. The packing involves C—H⋯O, C—H⋯π and π–π contacts.
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Abdallah AEM, Elgemeie GH, Jones PG. 3-(Benzo[ d]thiazol-2-yl)-2 H-chromen-2-one. IUCRDATA 2022; 7:x220332. [PMID: 36339803 PMCID: PMC9462017 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314622003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplanar angle is 6.47 (6)°, with an associated intramolecular S⋯O= C contact. The packing involves various secondary interactions. In the title compound, C16H9NO2S, the interplanar angle is 6.47 (6)°. An intramolecular S⋯O=C contact of 2.727 (2) Å is observed. The packing is determined by several types of weak interaction (‘weak’ hydrogen bonds, S⋯S contacts and π–π stacking).![]()
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Azzam RA, Elgemeie GH, Elsayed RE, Gad NM, Jones PG. Crystal structure of 2-(benzo[ d]thiazol-2-yl)-3,3-bis(ethylsulfanyl)acrylonitrile. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 78:369-372. [PMID: 35492278 PMCID: PMC8983987 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022002572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C14H14N2S3, the double-bond system of the acrylonitrile moiety is significantly non-planar, with absolute cis torsion angles of 13.9 (2) and 15.1 (2)°. The ring system and the double bond system subtend an interplanar angle of 11.16 (4)°. The wide angle C—C(CN)=C of 129.40 (12)° may be associated with a balance between planarity and avoidance of a very short S...S contact.
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Azzam RA, Elgemeie GH, Seif MM, Jones PG. Crystal structure of N'-[2-(benzo[ d]thia-zol-2-yl)acet-yl]benzohydrazide, an achiral compound crystallizing in space group P1 with Z = 1. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:891-894. [PMID: 34584756 PMCID: PMC8423019 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021007672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C16H13N3O2S, one hydrazinic nitro-gen atom is essentially planar, but the other is slightly pyramidalized. The torsion angle about the hydrazinic bond is 66.44 (15)°. Both hydrazinic hydrogen atoms lie anti-periplanar to the oxygen of the adjacent carbonyl group. The mol-ecular packing is a layer structure determined by two classical hydrogen bonds, N-H⋯O=C and N-H⋯Nthia-zole. The space group is P1 with Z = 1, which is unusual for an achiral organic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A. Azzam
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Galal H. Elgemeie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona M. Seif
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Azzam R, Elboshi HA, Elgemeie GH. Novel Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of New Benzothiazole-Bearing N-Sulfonamide 2-Pyridone Derivatives as USP7 Enzyme Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30023-30036. [PMID: 33251438 PMCID: PMC7689895 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this article, a series of benzothiazole-bearing N-sulfonamide 2-pyridone derivatives were synthesized via the reaction of benzothiazole sulfonylhydrazide with sodium salts of both (hydroxymethylene) cycloalkanones and unsaturated ketones, as well as ethoxymethylene derivatives. The structures of the resultant compounds were confirmed using IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1H-1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), 1H-13C heteronuclear multiple bond coherence (HMBC), and 1H-13C heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HSQC) spectral analysis and elemental analysis. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antiviral activities against the HSV-1, HAV HM175, HCVcc genotype 4, CBV4, and HAdV7 viruses. Additionally, the compounds were examined for their cytotoxic effect on five normal cell lines. It was observed that five compounds were found to possess viral reduction of 50% or more against CBV4 with significant IC50, CC50, and SI values. In the case of HSV-1 and HAV HM175 viruses, three compounds have shown more than 50% reduction, while in the case of HCVcc genotype 4 and HAdV7 viruses, only two compounds demonstrated more than 50% reduction. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of the most active compounds were evaluated. The two most potent compounds against HSV-1 virus, 7e and 13a, were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against USP7. Docking studies using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) were used to identify the interactions between 7e and 13a compounds and the active site of the USP7 enzyme.
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Azzam RA, Elsayed RE, Elgemeie GH. Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of a New Series of N-Sulfonamide 2-Pyridones as Dual Inhibitors of DHPS and DHFR Enzymes. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10401-10414. [PMID: 32426597 PMCID: PMC7226860 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim (TMP) drugs are normally used to inhibit the action of dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzymes, respectively. In this work, a new series of N-sulfonamide 2-pyridone derivatives that combine the inhibitory activities of DHPS and DHFR into one molecule were synthesized and evaluated for its in vitro antimicrobial activity and the ability to inhibit the action of both enzymes simultaneously. The synthesis was carried out via the reaction of novel benzothiazol sulfonylhydrazide with ketene dithioacetal derivatives, and the structures of the resultant compounds were confirmed using spectral and elemental techniques. Among the synthesized compounds, five compounds 3b, 5a, 5b, 11a, and 11b were found to possess significant antimicrobial activities against tested bacterial and fungi strains. The compounds were also examined for their cytotoxicity on HFB4 human dermal fibroblast cell line using MTT assay. The in vitro enzyme assay study of these compounds against DHPS and DHFR enzymes showed that compound 11a was the most potent inhibitor against both enzymes with IC50 values of 2.76 and 0.20 μg/mL, respectively. Docking studies showed that this compound has occupied both the p-aminobenzoic acid and pterin binding pockets of DHPS as well as the pterin binding pocket of DHFR. The results of these investigations confirmed that compound 11a is the most potent dual DHPS/DHFR inhibitor.
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Azzam RA, Osman RR, Elgemeie GH. Efficient Synthesis and Docking Studies of Novel Benzothiazole-Based Pyrimidinesulfonamide Scaffolds as New Antiviral Agents and Hsp90α Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:1640-1655. [PMID: 32010839 PMCID: PMC6990646 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel substituted 2-pyrimidylbenzothiazoles incorporating either sulfonamide moieties or the amino group at C2 of the pyrimidine ring were synthesized and evaluated for its antiviral potency. The novel synthesis of the ring system was carried out by reacting guanidine or N-arylsulfonated guanidine with different derivatives of ylidene benzothiazole based on Michael addition pathways. The antiviral activity of the newly synthesized compounds was examined by a plaque reduction assay against HSV-1, CBV4, HAV HM 175, HCVcc genotype 4 viruses, and HAdV7. In the case of HSV-1, it was determined that 5 out of the 21 synthesized compounds exhibited superior viral reduction in the range of 70-90% with significant IC50, CC50, and SI values as compared with acyclovir. In the case of CBV4, nine compounds have shown more than 50% reduction. Comparable results were obtained for seven of these synthesized compounds when evaluated against HAV with only a couple of them showing 50% reduction or more against HCVcc genotype 4. Remarkably, one compound, 9a, has shown broad action against all five examined viruses, rendering it as potentially an effective antiviral agent. The five potent compounds 9a, 9b, 14b, 14g, and 14h against HSV-1 have also presented inhibitory activity against the Hsp90α protein with IC50 in the range of 4.87-10.47 μg/mL. Interestingly, a combination of the potent synthesized compounds with acyclovir led to IC50 values lower than that of acyclovir alone. The potent compounds 9a, 9b, 14b, 14g, and 14h were also docked inside the active site of Hsp90α to assess the interaction pattern between the tested compounds and the active site of the protein.
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Abu-Zaied MA, Loutfy SA, Hassan AE, Elgemeie GH. Novel purine thioglycoside analogs: synthesis, nanoformulation and biological evaluation in in vitro human liver and breast cancer models. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019; 13:2437-2457. [PMID: 31440030 PMCID: PMC6667681 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s201249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A series of novel pyrazolopyrimidine and pyrazololpyridine thioglycosides were synthesized and confirmed via their spectral analyses. Purpose: To evaluate the effect of these anti-metabolic compounds against proliferation of Huh-7 and Mcf-7 as in vitro models of human liver and breast cancers, respectively. Vero cells were used as an example of normal green monkey kidney cells. Methods: The most promising compound was subjected to a nanoformulation by its encapsulation into chitosan nanoparticles to increase its anti-cancerous activity. Nanoformulation was confirmed by TEM and FT-IR to ensure encapsulation and screened for their cytotoxicity against Huh-7 and Mcf-7 cells using MTT colorimetric assay and morphological examination. Genotoxic effect was performed by cellular DNA fragmentation assay. Simulated CompuSyn software (linear interaction effect) was conducted to predict the possible synergistic effect of nanocomposite as anticancerous activity. Apoptotic effect was further analyzed by detection of apoptotic proteins using ELISA assay. Results: The nano preparation was successfully prepared by encapsulation of compound 14 into chitosan nanoparticles, controlled to a size at 105 nm and zeta charges at 40.2 mV. Treatment of Huh-7 and Mcf-7 showed that compound 14 was the most cytotoxic compound on both cancer cell lines where IC50 was 24.59 (9.836 μg/mL) and 12.203 (4.8812 μg/mL) on Huh-7 and Mcf-7 respectively. But IC50 of the nano preparation was 37.19 and 30.68 μg/mL on Huh-7 and Mcf-7, respectively, indicating its aggressiveness on human breast cancer cells as confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay and theoretically by CompuSyn tool. Conclusion: A novel series of pyrazolopyrimidine thioglycosides and pyrazolopyridine thioglycosides were synthesized. Nanoformulation of compound 14 into chitosan nanoparticles demonstrated anticancer activity and can be used as a drug delivery system, but further studies are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samah A Loutfy
- Virology & Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Nanotechnology Research Center, British University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf E Hassan
- Virology & Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Galal H Elgemeie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
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Azzam RA, Elgemeie GH, Osman RR, Jones PG. Crystal structure of potassium [4-amino-5-(benzo[ d]thia-zol-2-yl)-6-(methyl-sulfan-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl](phenyl-sulfon-yl)aza-nide di-methyl-formamide monosolvate hemihydrate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:367-371. [PMID: 30867951 PMCID: PMC6399705 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019002275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, K+·C18H14N5O2S3 -·C3H7NO·0.5H2O, was obtained in a reaction designed to deliver a neutral 2-pyrimidylbenzo-thia-zole. The anion is deprotonated at the sulfonamide nitro-gen. The asymmetric unit of the title compound contains two potassium cations, two anions, two mol-ecules of DMF and one of water. The anions display some conformational differences but each contains an intra-molecular N-H⋯Nbenzo-thia-zole hydrogen bond. The potassium ions both display a highly irregular six-coordination, different for each potassium ion. The anions, together with the DMF and water mol-ecules, are linked by four classical hydrogen bonds to form chains parallel to the b-axis direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A. Azzam
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Galal H. Elgemeie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rokia R. Osman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Elgemeie G, Altalbawy F, Alfaidi M, Azab R, Hassan A. Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of novel 5-benzoyl- N-substituted amino- and 5-benzoyl- N-sulfonylamino-4-alkylsulfanyl-2-pyridones. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:3389-3399. [PMID: 29238165 PMCID: PMC5713685 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s149615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present research describes the synthesis of novel 5-benzoyl-N-substituted-amino- and 5-benzoyl-N-sulfonylamino-4-alkylsulfanyl-2-pyridones 5a–c and 6a–c via the reaction of 2-benzoyl-3,3-bis(alkylthio)acrylonitriles 2a–c with N-cyanoacetohydrazide 3 and cyanoaceto-N-phenylsulfonylhydrazide 4, respectively. Also, the reactivity of the compounds 5a–c toward hydrazine hydrate to give product 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine derivative 7 was studied. In addition, the reactivity of the 2a–c toward 1-cyanoacetyl-4 arylidenesemicarbazides 8a–c afforded 3,5-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-carbonitrile derivatives (12–14)a–c, which reacted with hydrazine hydrate to give 3H-pyrazolo[4,3-c][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-carbonitrile derivatives 15a–c. The structures of the new products were characterized based on 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, mass-spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. The products were screened in vitro for their antibacterial and antifungal activity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galal Elgemeie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan
| | - Farag Altalbawy
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Biological Sciences, University College of Duba, Tabuk University, Tabuk
| | - Mohammed Alfaidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University College of Duba, Tabuk University, Tabuk
| | - Rania Azab
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atef Hassan
- Department of Mycology and Mycotoxins, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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