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Ma Y, Wei X, Peng J, Wei F, Wen Y, Liu M, Song B, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Peng T. Ephedra sinica polysaccharide regulate the anti-inflammatory immunity of intestinal microecology and bacterial metabolites in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1414675. [PMID: 38846095 PMCID: PMC11153800 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1414675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ephedra sinica polysaccharide (ESP) exerts substantial therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the mechanism through which ESP intervenes in RA remains unclear. A close correlation has been observed between enzymes and derivatives in the gut microbiota and the inflammatory immune response in RA. Methods A type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice model was treated with Ephedra sinica polysaccharide. The therapeutic effect of ESP on collagen-induced arthritis mice was evaluated. The anti-inflammatory and cartilage-protective effects of ESP were also evaluated. Additionally, metagenomic sequencing was performed to identify changes in carbohydrate-active enzymes and resistance genes in the gut microbiota of the ESP-treated CIA mice. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were performed to observe the levels of serum metabolites and short-chain fatty acids in the gut. Spearman's correlational analysis revealed a correlation among the gut microbiota, antibiotic-resistance genes, and microbiota-derived metabolites. Results ESP treatment significantly reduced inflammation levels and cartilage damage in the CIA mice. It also decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1-β and protected the intestinal mucosal epithelial barrier, inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration and mucosal damage. Here, ESP reduced the TLR4, MyD88, and TRAF6 levels in the synovium, inhibited the p65 expression and pp65 phosphorylation in the NF-κB signaling pathway, and blocked histone deacetylase (HDAC1 and HDAC2) signals. ESP influenced the gut microbiota structure, microbial carbohydrate-active enzymes, and microbial resistance related to resistance genes. ESP increased the serum levels of L-tyrosine, sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, octadecanoic acid, N-oleoyl taurine, and decreased N-palmitoyl taurine in the CIA mice. Conclusion ESP exhibited an inhibitory effect on RA. Its action mechanism may be related to the ability of ESP to effectively reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, protect the intestinal barrier, and regulate the interaction between mucosal immune systems and abnormal local microbiota. Accordingly, immune homeostasis was maintained and the inhibition of fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) proliferation through the HDAC/TLR4/NF-κB pathway was mediated, thereby contributing to its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmiao Ma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiuhong Wei
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiehao Peng
- Department of Third Clinical Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fuxia Wei
- Department of Third Clinical Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ya Wen
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mingran Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Third Clinical Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Famous Chinese Medicine Studio, Shanxi Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Classical Prescription Strengthening Yang, Shanxi Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Taiyuan, Taiyuan, China
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Sha Y, Lin N, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Lu J, Zhu T, Zhang X, Li Q, Zhang H, Lin X, Li K, Bao Q, Li D. Identification and characterization of a novel chromosomal aminoglycoside 3'- O-phosphotransferase, APH(3')-Id, from Kluyvera intermedia DW18 isolated from the sewage of an animal farm. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1224464. [PMID: 37700861 PMCID: PMC10493288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1224464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aminoglycosides, as important clinical antimicrobials, are used as second-line drugs for treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis or combined with β-lactam drugs for treating severe infections such as sepsis. Aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme (AME) is the most important mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance and deserves more attention. Methods The bacterium Kluyvera intermedia DW18 was isolated from the sewage of an animal farm using the conventional method. The agar dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobials. A novel resistance gene was cloned, and the enzyme was expressed. The kinetic parameters were measured by a SpectraMax M5 multifunctional microplate reader. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to reveal the genetic context of the aph(3')-Id gene and its phylogenetic relationship with other AMEs. Results A novel aminoglycoside 3'-O-phosphotransferase gene designated aph(3')-Id was identified in K. intermedia DW18 and shared the highest amino acid identity of 77.49% with the functionally characterized aminoglycoside 3'-O-phosphotransferase APH(3')-Ia. The recombinant plasmid carrying the novel resistance gene (pMD19-aph(3')-Id/E. coli DH5α) showed 1,024-, 512-, 128- and 16-fold increased MIC levels for kanamycin, ribostamycin, paromomycin and neomycin, respectively, compared with the reference strain DH5α. APH(3')-Id showed the highest catalytic efficiency for ribostamycin [kcat/Km of (4.96 ± 1.63) × 105 M-1/s-1], followed by paromomycin [kcat/Km of (2.18 ± 0.21) × 105 M-1/s-1], neomycin [kcat/Km of (1.73 ± 0.20) × 105 M-1/s-1], and kanamycin [kcat/Km of (1.10 ± 0.18) × 105 M-1/s-1]. Three conserved functional domains of the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase family and ten amino acid residues responsible for the phosphorylation of kanamycin were found in the amino acid sequence of APH(3')-Id. No mobile genetic element (MGE) was discovered surrounding the aph(3')-Id gene. Conclusion In this work, a novel aminoglycoside 3'-O-phosphotransferase gene designated aph(3')-Id encoded in the chromosome of the environmental isolate Kluyvera intermedia DW18 was identified and characterized. These findings will help clinicians select effective antimicrobials to treat infections caused by pathogens with this kind of resistance gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Sha
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Naru Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guozhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junwan Lu
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xueya Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiaoling Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiyu Bao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Dong Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Enterococcus Virulence and Resistant Traits Associated with Its Permanence in the Hospital Environment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070857. [PMID: 35884110 PMCID: PMC9311936 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus are opportunistic pathogens that have been gaining importance in the clinical setting, especially in terms of hospital-acquired infections. This problem has mainly been associated with the fact that these bacteria are able to present intrinsic and extrinsic resistance to different classes of antibiotics, with a great deal of importance being attributed to vancomycin-resistant enterococci. However, other aspects, such as the expression of different virulence factors including biofilm-forming ability, and its capacity of trading genetic information, makes this bacterial genus more capable of surviving harsh environmental conditions. All these characteristics, associated with some reports of decreased susceptibility to some biocides, all described in this literary review, allow enterococci to present a longer survival ability in the hospital environment, consequently giving them more opportunities to disseminate in these settings and be responsible for difficult-to-treat infections.
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