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Okada Y, Suzuki H, Tanaka T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Epitope Mapping of an Anti-Mouse CD39 Monoclonal Antibody Using PA Scanning and RIEDL Scanning. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2024; 43:44-52. [PMID: 38507671 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2023.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A cell-surface ectonucleotidase CD39 mediates the conversion of extracellular adenosine triphosphate into immunosuppressive adenosine with another ectonucleotidase CD73. The elevated adenosine in the tumor microenvironment attenuates antitumor immunity, which promotes tumor cell immunologic escape and progression. Anti-CD39 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which suppress the enzymatic activity, can be applied to antitumor therapy. Therefore, an understanding of the relationship between the inhibitory activity and epitope of mAbs is important. We previously established an anti-mouse CD39 (anti-mCD39) mAb, C39Mab-1 using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening method. In this study, we determined the critical epitope of C39Mab-1 using flow cytometry. We performed the PA tag (12 amino acids [aa])-substituted analysis (named PA scanning) and RIEDL tag (5 aa)-substituted analysis (named RIEDL scanning) to determine the critical epitope of C39Mab-1 using flow cytometry. By the combination of PA scanning and RIEDL scanning, we identified the conformational epitope, spanning three segments of 275-279, 282-291, and 306-323 aa of mCD39. These analyses would contribute to the identification of the conformational epitope of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okada
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Okada Y, Suzuki H, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Development of a Sensitive Anti-Mouse CD39 Monoclonal Antibody (C 39Mab-1) for Flow Cytometry and Western Blot Analyses. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2024; 43:24-31. [PMID: 38197855 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2023.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
CD39 is involved in adenosine metabolism by converting extracellular ATP to adenosine. As extracellular adenosine plays a critical role in the immune suppression of the tumor microenvironment, the inhibition of CD39 activity by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is one of the important strategies for tumor therapy. This study developed specific and sensitive mAbs for mouse CD39 (mCD39) using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening method. The established anti-mCD39 mAb, C39Mab-1 (rat IgG2a, kappa), reacted with mCD39-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO/mCD39) by flow cytometry. The kinetic analysis using flow cytometry indicated that the dissociation constant of C39Mab-1 for CHO/mCD39 was 7.3 × 10-9 M. Furthermore, C39Mab-1 detected the lysate of CHO/mCD39 by western blot analysis. These results indicated that C39Mab-1 is useful for the detection of mCD39 in many functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okada
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai Japan
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Ouchida T, Suzuki H, Tanaka T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Establishment of Anti-Dog Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Monoclonal Antibodies for Immunohistochemistry. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2024; 43:17-23. [PMID: 38237003 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2023.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade therapy has shown successful clinical outcomes in multiple human cancers. In dogs, several types of tumors resemble human tumors in many respects. Therefore, several groups have developed the anti-dog programmed cell death ligand 1 (dPD-L1) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and showed efficacy in several canine tumors. To examine the abundance of dPD-L1 in canine tumors, anti-dPD-L1 diagnostic mAbs for immunohistochemistry are required. In this study, we immunized the peptide in the dPD-L1 intracellular domain, and established anti-dPD-L1 mAbs, L1Mab-352 (mouse IgG1, kappa), and L1Mab-354 (mouse IgG1, kappa). In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, L1Mab-352 and L1Mab-354 showed high-binding affinity to the dPD-L1 peptide, and the dissociation constants (KD) were determined as 6.9 × 10-10 M and 7.2 × 10-10 M, respectively. Furthermore, L1Mab-352 and L1Mab-354 were applicable for the detection of dPD-L1 in immunohistochemical analysis in paraffin-embedded dPD-L1-overexpressed cells. These results indicated that L1Mab-352 and L1Mab-354 are useful for detecting dPD-L1 in immunohistochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunenori Ouchida
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Suzuki H, Tanaka T, Kudo Y, Tawara M, Hirayama A, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. A Rat Anti-Mouse CD39 Monoclonal Antibody for Flow Cytometry. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2023; 42:203-208. [PMID: 38126892 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2023.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
By converting extracellular adenosine triphosphate to adenosine, CD39 is involved in adenosine metabolism. The extracellular adenosine plays a critical role in the immune suppression of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, the inhibition of CD39 activity by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is thought to be one of the important strategies for tumor therapy. In this study, we developed novel mAbs for mouse CD39 (mCD39) using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method. One of the established anti-mCD39 mAbs, C39Mab-2 (rat IgG2a, lambda), reacted with mCD39-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO/mCD39) and an endogenously mCD39-expressed cell line (SN36) by flow cytometry. The kinetic analysis using flow cytometry indicated that the dissociation constant (KD) values of C39Mab-2 for CHO/mCD39 and SN36 were 5.5 × 10-9 M and 4.9 × 10-9 M, respectively. These results indicated that C39Mab-2 is useful for the detection of mCD39 in flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuma Kudo
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mayuki Tawara
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aoi Hirayama
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Goto N, Suzuki H, Tanaka T, Ishikawa K, Ouchida T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. EMab-300 Detects Mouse Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Expressing Cancer Cell Lines in Flow Cytometry. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:42. [PMID: 37489364 PMCID: PMC10366908 DOI: 10.3390/antib12030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) overexpression or its mutation mediates the sustaining proliferative signaling, which is an important hallmark of cancer. Human EGFR-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy such as cetuximab has been approved for clinical use in patients with colorectal cancers and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. A reliable preclinical mouse model is essential to further develop the mAb therapy against EGFR. Therefore, sensitive mAbs against mouse EGFR (mEGFR) should be established. In this study, we developed a specific and sensitive mAb for mEGFR using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method. The established anti-mEGFR mAb, EMab-300 (rat IgG1, kappa), reacted with mEGFR-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO/mEGFR) and endogenously mEGFR-expressed cell lines, including NMuMG (a mouse mammary gland epithelial cell) and Lewis lung carcinoma cells, using flow cytometry. The kinetic analysis using flow cytometry indicated that the KD of EMab-300 for CHO/mEGFR and NMuMG was 4.3 × 10-8 M and 1.9 × 10-8 M, respectively. These results indicated that EMab-300 applies to the detection of mEGFR using flow cytometry and may be useful to obtain the proof of concept in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohara Goto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tsunenori Ouchida
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
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Suzuki H, Kitamura K, Goto N, Ishikawa K, Ouchida T, Tanaka T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. A Novel Anti-CD44 Variant 3 Monoclonal Antibody C 44Mab-6 Was Established for Multiple Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098411. [PMID: 37176118 PMCID: PMC10179237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) promotes tumor progression through the recruitment of growth factors and the acquisition of stemness, invasiveness, and drug resistance. CD44 has multiple isoforms including CD44 standard (CD44s) and CD44 variants (CD44v), which have common and unique functions in tumor development. Therefore, elucidating the function of each CD44 isoform in a tumor is essential for the establishment of CD44-targeting tumor therapy. We have established various anti-CD44s and anti-CD44v monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) through the immunization of CD44v3-10-overexpressed cells. In this study, we established C44Mab-6 (IgG1, kappa), which recognized the CD44 variant 3-encoded region (CD44v3), as determined via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. C44Mab-6 reacted with CD44v3-10-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells (CHO/CD44v3-10) or some cancer cell lines (COLO205 and HSC-3) via flow cytometry. The apparent KD of C44Mab-6 for CHO/CD44v3-10, COLO205, and HSC-3 was 1.5 × 10-9 M, 6.3 × 10-9 M, and 1.9 × 10-9 M, respectively. C44Mab-6 could detect the CD44v3-10 in Western blotting and stained the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor sections in immunohistochemistry. These results indicate that C44Mab-6 is useful for detecting CD44v3 in various experiments and is expected for the application of tumor diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kaishi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nohara Goto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tsunenori Ouchida
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Kudo Y, Suzuki H, Tanaka T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Development of a Novel Anti-CD44 Variant 5 Monoclonal Antibody C 44Mab-3 for Multiple Applications against Pancreatic Carcinomas. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12020031. [PMID: 37218897 DOI: 10.3390/antib12020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer exhibits a poor prognosis due to the lack of early diagnostic biomarkers and the resistance to conventional chemotherapy. CD44 has been known as a cancer stem cell marker and plays tumor promotion and drug resistance roles in various cancers. In particular, the splicing variants are overexpressed in many carcinomas and play essential roles in the cancer stemness, invasiveness or metastasis, and resistance to treatments. Therefore, the understanding of each CD44 variant's (CD44v) function and distribution in carcinomas is essential for the establishment of CD44-targeting tumor therapy. In this study, we immunized mice with CD44v3-10-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells and established various anti-CD44 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). One of the established clones (C44Mab-3; IgG1, kappa) recognized peptides of the variant-5-encoded region, indicating that C44Mab-3 is a specific mAb for CD44v5. Moreover, C44Mab-3 reacted with CHO/CD44v3-10 cells or pancreatic cancer cell lines (PK-1 and PK-8) by flow cytometry. The apparent KD of C44Mab-3 for CHO/CD44v3-10 and PK-1 was 1.3 × 10-9 M and 2.6 × 10-9 M, respectively. C44Mab-3 could detect the exogenous CD44v3-10 and endogenous CD44v5 in Western blotting and stained the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pancreatic cancer cells but not normal pancreatic epithelial cells in immunohistochemistry. These results indicate that C44Mab-3 is useful for detecting CD44v5 in various applications and is expected to be useful for the application of pancreatic cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Kudo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
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Tawara M, Suzuki H, Goto N, Tanaka T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. A Novel Anti-CD44 Variant 9 Monoclonal Antibody C 44Mab-1 Was Developed for Immunohistochemical Analyses against Colorectal Cancers. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3658-3673. [PMID: 37185762 PMCID: PMC10137259 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein and has been shown to be a cell surface marker of cancer stem-like cells in various cancers. In particular, the splicing variants of CD44 (CD44v) are overexpressed in cancers and play critical roles in cancer stemness, invasiveness, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, the understanding of the function of each CD44v is indispensable for CD44-targeting therapy. CD44v9 contains the variant 9-encoded region, and its expression predicts poor prognosis in patients with various cancers. CD44v9 plays critical roles in the malignant progression of tumors. Therefore, CD44v9 is a promising target for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Here, we developed sensitive and specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CD44 by immunizing mice with CD44v3-10-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO/CD44v3-10) cells. We first determined their critical epitopes using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and characterized their applications as flow cytometry, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. One of the established clones, C44Mab-1 (IgG1, kappa), reacted with a peptide of the variant 9-encoded region, indicating that C44Mab-1 recognizes CD44v9. C44Mab-1 could recognize CHO/CD44v3-10 cells or colorectal cancer cell lines (COLO201 and COLO205) in flow cytometric analysis. The apparent dissociation constant (KD) of C44Mab-1 for CHO/CD44v3-10, COLO201, and COLO205 was 2.5 × 10-8 M, 3.3 × 10-8 M, and 6.5 × 10-8 M, respectively. Furthermore, C44Mab-1 was able to detect the CD44v3-10 in western blotting and the endogenous CD44v9 in immunohistochemistry using colorectal cancer tissues. These results indicated that C44Mab-1 is useful for detecting CD44v9 not only in flow cytometry or western blotting but also in immunohistochemistry against colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuki Tawara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nohara Goto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Suzuki H, Ozawa K, Tanaka T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Development of a Novel Anti-CD44 Variant 7/8 Monoclonal Antibody, C44Mab-34, for Multiple Applications against Oral Carcinomas. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041099. [PMID: 37189717 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) has been investigated as a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker as it plays critical roles in tumor malignant progression. The splicing variants are overexpressed in many carcinomas, especially squamous cell carcinomas, and play critical roles in the promotion of tumor metastasis, the acquisition of CSC properties, and resistance to treatments. Therefore, each CD44 variant (CD44v) function and distribution in carcinomas should be clarified for the establishment of novel tumor diagnosis and therapy. In this study, we immunized mouse with a CD44 variant (CD44v3–10) ectodomain and established various anti-CD44 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). One of the established clones (C44Mab-34; IgG1, kappa) recognized a peptide that covers both variant 7- and variant 8-encoded regions, indicating that C44Mab-34 is a specific mAb for CD44v7/8. Moreover, C44Mab-34 reacted with CD44v3–10-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO) cells or the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line (HSC-3) by flow cytometry. The apparent KD of C44Mab-34 for CHO/CD44v3–10 and HSC-3 was 1.4 × 10−9 and 3.2 × 10−9 M, respectively. C44Mab-34 could detect CD44v3–10 in Western blotting and stained the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded OSCC in immunohistochemistry. These results indicate that C44Mab-34 is useful for detecting CD44v7/8 in various applications and is expected to be useful in the application of OSCC diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ozawa
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mika K. Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
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Development of a Novel Anti-CD44 Variant 6 Monoclonal Antibody C 44Mab-9 for Multiple Applications against Colorectal Carcinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044007. [PMID: 36835416 PMCID: PMC9965047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a cell surface glycoprotein, and its isoforms are produced by the alternative splicing with the standard and variant exons. The CD44 variant exon-containing isoforms (CD44v) are overexpressed in carcinomas. CD44v6 is one of the CD44v, and its overexpression predicts poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. CD44v6 plays critical roles in CRC adhesion, proliferation, stemness, invasiveness, and chemoresistance. Therefore, CD44v6 is a promising target for cancer diagnosis and therapy for CRC. In this study, we established anti-CD44 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by immunizing mice with CD44v3-10-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells. We then characterized them using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. One of the established clones (C44Mab-9; IgG1, kappa) reacted with a peptide of the variant 6-encoded region, indicating that C44Mab-9 recognizes CD44v6. Furthermore, C44Mab-9 reacted with CHO/CD44v3-10 cells or CRC cell lines (COLO201 and COLO205) by flow cytometry. The apparent dissociation constant (KD) of C44Mab-9 for CHO/CD44v3-10, COLO201, and COLO205 was 8.1 × 10-9 M, 1.7 × 10-8 M, and 2.3 × 10-8 M, respectively. C44Mab-9 detected the CD44v3-10 in western blotting, and partially stained the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded CRC tissues in immunohistochemistry. Collectively, C44Mab-9 is useful for detecting CD44v6 in various applications.
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Li G, Suzuki H, Tanaka T, Asano T, Yoshikawa T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Epitope Mapping of an Anti-EpCAM Monoclonal Antibody (EpMab-37) Using the Alanine Scanning Method. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2023; 42:41-47. [PMID: 36853838 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2022.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, and plays critical roles in cell adhesion, proliferation, and tumorigenesis. EpCAM has been considered as a promising target for tumor diagnosis and therapy. Anti-EpCAM monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been developed for EpCAM-overexpressed tumors, and several clinical trials have demonstrated promising outcomes. We previously established an anti-EpCAM mAb, EpMab-37 (mouse IgG1, kappa), using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening method. EpMab-37 was revealed to recognize the conformational epitope of EpCAM. In this study, we determined the critical epitope of EpMab-37 by flow cytometry using the 1 × alanine scanning (1 × Ala-scan) and the 2 × alanine scanning (2 × Ala-scan) method. We first performed flow cytometry by 1 × Ala-scan using one alanine (or glycine)-substituted EpCAM mutants, which were expressed on Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells, and found that the EpMab-37 did not recognize the R163A mutant of EpCAM. We next performed flow cytometry by 2 × Ala-scan using two alanine (or glycine) residues-substituted EpCAM mutants, and confirmed that EpMab-37 did not recognize R163A-including mutants of EpCAM. The results indicated that the critical binding epitope of EpMab-37 includes Arg163 of EpCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teizo Asano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Isoda Y, Tanaka T, Suzuki H, Asano T, Yoshikawa T, Kitamura K, Kudo Y, Ejima R, Ozawa K, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Epitope Mapping Using the Cell-Based 2 × Alanine Substitution Method About the Anti-mouse CXCR6 Monoclonal Antibody, Cx 6Mab-1. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2023; 42:22-26. [PMID: 36383116 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2022.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An anti-mouse CXC chemokine receptor 6 (mCXCR6) monoclonal antibody (mAb), Cx6Mab-1, was developed recently. Cx6Mab-1 is applicable for flow cytometry, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The purpose of this study is to determine the binding epitope of Cx6Mab-1 using 2 × alanine mutated mCXCR6. Analysis of flow cytometry revealed that Cx6Mab-1 did not recognize S8A-A9G, L10A-Y11A, D12A-G13A, and H14A-Y15A mutants of mCXCR6. The results clearly indicate that the binding epitope of Cx6Mab-1 includes Ser8, Ala9, Leu10, Tyr11, Asp12, Gly13, His14, and Tyr15 of mCXCR6. The successful determination of the Cx6Mab-1 epitope might contribute to the pathophysiological investigation of mCXCR6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Isoda
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Teizo Asano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kaishi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuma Kudo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryo Ejima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ozawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Wentinck K, Gogou C, Meijer DH. Putting on molecular weight: Enabling cryo-EM structure determination of sub-100-kDa proteins. Curr Res Struct Biol 2022; 4:332-337. [PMID: 36248264 PMCID: PMC9562432 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in the past decade have enabled high-resolution structure determination of a vast variety of proteins by cryogenic electron microscopy single particle analysis. Despite improved sample preparation, next-generation imaging hardware, and advanced single particle analysis algorithms, small proteins remain elusive for reconstruction due to low signal-to-noise and lack of distinctive structural features. Multiple efforts have therefore been directed at the development of size-increase techniques for small proteins. Here we review the latest methods for increasing effective molecular weight of proteins <100 kDa through target protein binding or target protein fusion - specifically by using nanobody-based assemblies, fusion tags, and symmetric scaffolds. Finally, we summarize these state-of-the-art techniques into a decision-tree to facilitate the design of tailored future approaches, and thus for further exploration of ever-smaller proteins that make up the largest part of the human genome.
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Key Words
- BRIL, cytochromeb562 RIL
- DARPin, Design Ankyrin Repeat Protein
- Fab, antigen binding fragment
- GFP, Green Fluorecent Protein
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- MW, molecular weight
- Mb, megabody
- Nb, nanobody
- SNR, signal-to-noise ratio
- SPA, single particle analysis
- TM, transmembrane
- cryo-EM, cryogenic electron microscopy
- kDa, kiloDalton
- κOR ICL3, κ-opiod receptor intracellular loop 3
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Imaizumi Y, Takanuki K, Miyake T, Takemoto M, Hirata K, Hirose M, Oi R, Kobayashi T, Miyoshi K, Aruga R, Yokoyama T, Katagiri S, Matsuura H, Iwasaki K, Kato T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y, Tajiri M, Akashi S, Nureki O, Hizukuri Y, Akiyama Y, Nogi T. Mechanistic insights into intramembrane proteolysis by E. coli site-2 protease homolog RseP. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp9011. [PMID: 36001659 PMCID: PMC9401612 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Site-2 proteases are a conserved family of intramembrane proteases that cleave transmembrane substrates to regulate signal transduction and maintain proteostasis. Here, we elucidated crystal structures of inhibitor-bound forms of bacterial site-2 proteases including Escherichia coli RseP. Structure-based chemical modification and cross-linking experiments indicated that the RseP domains surrounding the active center undergo conformational changes to expose the substrate-binding site, suggesting that RseP has a gating mechanism to regulate substrate entry. Furthermore, mutational analysis suggests that a conserved electrostatic linkage between the transmembrane and peripheral membrane-associated domains mediates the conformational changes. In vivo cleavage assays also support that the substrate transmembrane helix is unwound by strand addition to the intramembrane β sheet of RseP and is clamped by a conserved asparagine residue at the active center for efficient cleavage. This mechanism underlying the substrate binding, i.e., unwinding and clamping, appears common across distinct families of intramembrane proteases that cleave transmembrane segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Imaizumi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazunori Takanuki
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyake
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mizuki Takemoto
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kunio Hirata
- Life Science Research Infrastructure Group, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Mika Hirose
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Rika Oi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kenichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Rie Aruga
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yokoyama
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shizuka Katagiri
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsuura
- Life Science Research Infrastructure Group, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Kenji Iwasaki
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kato
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mika K. Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Michiko Tajiri
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoko Akashi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yohei Hizukuri
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Akiyama
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Terukazu Nogi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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15
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OUP accepted manuscript. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 71:i72-i80. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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