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Vetrani C, Verde L, Ambretti A, Muscogiuri G, Pagano AM, Lucania L, Colao A, Barrea L. Nutritional interventions in prison settings: a scoping review. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae011. [PMID: 38366579 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence has shown that incarceration can affect the health and well-being of individuals and increase the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Diet quality is known to be one of the main determinants of risk of NCDs, and dietary changes are the first approach used in primary care to reduce the incidence of NCDs. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aimed to summarize the evidence for (1) the diet quality of inmates, and (2) the effect of nutritional intervention in prison systems. In addition, we aimed to describe limitations in the current literature and to suggest potential future research areas. METHOD A systematic search was performed in 2 databases (PubMed and Web of Science) using predefined search terms and covering the period May 2023 to June 2023. Additionally, reference lists from the retrieved studies were hand-searched to identify any additional relevant publications. The identified literature was screened based on defined search strategies, criteria, and research questions defined using the PICo (population or problem, interest, and context) framework. The review was conducted referring to the PRISMA-ScR and the PICo framework. RESULTS A total of 19 studies out of 63 initially identified records were included in this review (11 cross-sectional evaluations and 9 intervention-based studies). In almost all studies, assessment of the diet quality of menus showed the menus to be nutritionally adequate, except for having a higher-than-recommended intake of total energy, saturated fatty acids, sodium, cholesterol, and sugar. In addition, some studies reported a lower-than-recommended intake of fiber, magnesium, potassium, vitamins D, E, and A, and omega-3 fatty acids. Nutritional interventions were mainly planned in the form of workshops, seminars, and written material to deliver information on healthy dietary choices. Although no significant changes in inmates' dietary choices were observed in any of the studies, a high participation rate was detected. CONCLUSION Inmates might require additional prevention intervention to reduce their susceptibility to cardiometabolic diseases by virtue of their isolation from community facilities. Interventions should be tailored to the characteristics of prison settings and inmates to increase adherence to nutritional recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vetrani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Centro Direzionale Isola F2, Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovica Verde
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antinea Ambretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Centro Direzionale Isola F2, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair "Education for Health and Sustainable Development", University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Maria Pagano
- President S.I.M.S.Pe. Società Italiana di Medicina e Sanità Penitenziaria (Italian Society of Penitentiary Medicine and Healthcare), Viale Bruno Buozzi, ROMA, Italy
- Dipartimento delle Attività Territoriali, Direttore U.O. Tutela Salute Adulti e Minori, Area Penale, ASL SALERNO, Salerno, Italy
| | - Luciano Lucania
- Director S.I.M.S.Pe. Società Italiana di Medicina e Sanità Penitenziaria (Italian Society of Penitentiary Medicine and Healthcare), Viale Bruno Buozzi, ROMA, Italy
- Specialista Ambulatoriale in Chirurgia, Responsabile Istituto Penitenziario di Reggio Calabria Giuseppe Panzera, Street Carcere Nuovo, 15, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair "Education for Health and Sustainable Development", University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Centro Direzionale Isola F2, Naples, Italy
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Gray BJ, Craddock C, Couzens Z, Dunseath GJ, Shankar AG, Luzio SD, Perrett SE. Quantifying cardiovascular disease risk and heart age predictions for men in the prison environment. Public Health 2023; 225:285-290. [PMID: 37956640 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated risk factors within the prison population often present at a younger age in this cohort. Given CVD is largely preventable, it warrants investigation to fully quantify this risk. This study explored the relative predicted 10-year CVD risk and examined the calculated heart age in a representative sample of male individuals aged 25-84 years within the prison environment. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. METHODS Data were collected on 299 men who underwent a cardiometabolic risk assessment in HMP Parc, Bridgend. The QRISK2 algorithm was used to calculate 10-year CVD risk, relative risk (to general population) and the predicted heart age of an individual. Between-group differences (prison population vs general community) in cardiovascular risk predictions (10-year CVD risk and heart age) were assessed. RESULTS We observed that at all age groups, the relative risk of predicted 10-year CVD scores in the prison population was double that of the community risk (2.1 ± 0.6), and this was most apparent in the oldest age group (≥50 years: 17.0% compared to 8.8%; P < 0.001). Overall, the heart age of the sample was 7.5 (6.7-8.2) years higher than their own chronological age, and this difference increased to above 9 years in those aged ≥40 years. CONCLUSIONS This study provides quantifiable evidence to the elevated CVD risk in prison. Heart age predictions were almost a decade higher in those aged ≥40 years. Lowering the screening age for CVD by around 5 years in the prison population should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Gray
- Health Protection, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK.
| | - C Craddock
- Health Protection, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Z Couzens
- Health Protection, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - G J Dunseath
- Diabetes Research Group Swansea, Swansea University, UK
| | - A G Shankar
- Health Protection, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - S D Luzio
- Diabetes Research Group Swansea, Swansea University, UK
| | - S E Perrett
- Health Protection, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
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Verde L, Pagano AM, de Leo M, Vetrani C, Ambretti A, Lucania L, Babudieri S, De Chiara A, Colao A, Corsi M, Muscogiuri G, Barrea L. Diet-Related Risk Factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases in Italian Prisoners: B.A.C.I. (Benessere All'interno delle Carceri Italiane, Well-Being Inside the Italian Prisons) Project by the Italian Society of Penitentiary Medicine and Public Health (S.I.M.S.Pe. Società Italiana di Medicina e Sanità Penitenziaria). Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:709-720. [PMID: 37948008 PMCID: PMC10766735 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review aims to present an overview of inmate health, focusing on lifestyle-related diseases, physical activity levels, and nutritional status. It also presents the B.A.C.I. (Benessere All'interno delle Carceri Italiane, well-being inside the Italian prisons) project, which aims to offers an innovative path of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) related to unhealthy lifestyles in prisons in the Campania region, Italy. RECENT FINDINGS The global prison population has risen by 24% since the year 2000, with over 10.77 million people detained worldwide in 2021. In Italy alone, there are currently over 57,000 inmates. Inmates face a higher risk of NCDs such as cardiovascular disease due to unhealthy lifestyles characterized by poor diets and lack of physical activity. Additionally, sleep disorders, particularly insomnia, are prevalent among inmates, further contributing to health disparities. While physical activity has shown positive effects on inmate well-being, there is limited research on nutritional status and interventions in prison populations. Providing quality healthcare to inmates is an international policy norm, but the standards vary globally and are often inadequate. The economic burden of NCDs is rising, and this is exacerbated in prisons, making it challenging for individuals to reintegrate into society after release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Verde
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Maria Pagano
- President S.I.M.S.Pe. Società Italiana Di Medicina E Sanità Penitenziaria (Italian Society of Penitentiary Medicine and Healthcare), Viale Bruno Buozzi 109, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento Delle Attività Territoriali, ASL Salerno, U.O. Tutela Salute Adulti E Minori, Area Penale, 84124, Salerno, Italy
| | - Monica de Leo
- Dipartimento Delle Attività Territoriali, ASL Salerno, U.O. Tutela Salute Adulti E Minori, Area Penale, 84124, Salerno, Italy
| | - Claudia Vetrani
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Centro Direzionale Isola F2, Via Porzio, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Antinea Ambretti
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Centro Direzionale Isola F2, Via Porzio, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciano Lucania
- Specialista Ambulatoriale in Chirurgia, Responsabile, Giuseppe Panzera, Street Carcere Nuovo, 15 Istituto Penitenziario Di Reggio Calabria, 89100, Reggio Calabria, Italy
- Director S.I.M.S.Pe. Società Italiana di Medicina e Sanità Penitenziaria (Italian Society of Penitentiary Medicine and Healthcare). Viale Bruno Buozzi 109, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Babudieri
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Scientific Director S.I.M.S.Pe. Società Italiana di Medicina e Sanità Penitenziaria (Italian Society of Penitentiary Medicine and Healthcare). Viale Bruno Buozzi 109, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna De Chiara
- Dipartimento Delle Attività Territoriali, ASL Salerno, U.O. Tutela Salute Adulti E Minori, Area Penale, 84124, Salerno, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione Alla Salute E Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile", University Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Corsi
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Centro Direzionale Isola F2, Via Porzio, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione Alla Salute E Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile", University Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Centro Direzionale Isola F2, Via Porzio, 80143, Naples, Italy
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