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Zhao Y, Chaw JK, Liu L, Chaw SH, Ang MC, Ting TT. Systematic literature review on reinforcement learning in non-communicable disease interventions. Artif Intell Med 2024; 154:102901. [PMID: 38838400 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2024.102901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
There is evidence that reducing modifiable risk factors and strengthening medical and health interventions can reduce early mortality and economic losses from non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Machine learning (ML) algorithms have been successfully applied to preventing and controlling NCDs. Reinforcement learning (RL) is the most promising of these approaches because of its ability to dynamically adapt interventions to NCD disease progression and its commitment to achieving long-term intervention goals. This paper reviews the preferred algorithms, data sources, design details, and obstacles to clinical application in existing studies to facilitate the early application of RL algorithms in clinical practice research for NCD interventions. We screened 40 relevant papers for quantitative and qualitative analysis using the PRISMA review flow diagram. The results show that researchers tend to use Deep Q-Network (DQN) and Actor-Critic as well as their improved or hybrid algorithms to train and validate RL models on retrospective datasets. Often, the patient's physical condition is the main defining parameter of the state space, while interventions are the main defining parameter of the action space. Mostly, changes in the patient's physical condition are used as a basis for immediate rewards to the agent. Various attempts have been made to address the challenges to clinical application, and several approaches have been proposed from existing research. However, as there is currently no universally accepted solution, the use of RL algorithms in clinical practice for NCD interventions necessitates more comprehensive responses to the issues addressed in this paper, which are safety, interpretability, training efficiency, and the technical aspect of exploitation and exploration in RL algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhao
- Institute of Visual Informatics, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jun Kit Chaw
- Institute of Visual Informatics, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lin Liu
- Henan Vocational University of Science and Technology, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Sook Hui Chaw
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mei Choo Ang
- Institute of Visual Informatics, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tin Tin Ting
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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Wang Z, Sui X, Song W, Xue F, Han W, Hu Y, Jiang J. Reinforcement learning for individualized lung cancer screening schedules: A nested case-control study. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7436. [PMID: 38949177 PMCID: PMC11215689 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current guidelines for managing screen-detected pulmonary nodules offer rule-based recommendations for immediate diagnostic work-up or follow-up at intervals of 3, 6, or 12 months. Customized visit plans are lacking. PURPOSE To develop individualized screening schedules using reinforcement learning (RL) and evaluate the effectiveness of RL-based policy models. METHODS Using a nested case-control design, we retrospectively identified 308 patients with cancer who had positive screening results in at least two screening rounds in the National Lung Screening Trial. We established a control group that included cancer-free patients with nodules, matched (1:1) according to the year of cancer diagnosis. By generating 10,164 sequence decision episodes, we trained RL-based policy models, incorporating nodule diameter alone, combined with nodule appearance (attenuation and margin) and/or patient information (age, sex, smoking status, pack-years, and family history). We calculated rates of misdiagnosis, missed diagnosis, and delayed diagnosis, and compared the performance of RL-based policy models with rule-based follow-up protocols (National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline; China Guideline for the Screening and Early Detection of Lung Cancer). RESULTS We identified significant interactions between certain variables (e.g., nodule shape and patient smoking pack-years, beyond those considered in guideline protocols) and the selection of follow-up testing intervals, thereby impacting the quality of the decision sequence. In validation, one RL-based policy model achieved rates of 12.3% for misdiagnosis, 9.7% for missed diagnosis, and 11.7% for delayed diagnosis. Compared with the two rule-based protocols, the three best-performing RL-based policy models consistently demonstrated optimal performance for specific patient subgroups based on disease characteristics (benign or malignant), nodule phenotypes (size, shape, and attenuation), and individual attributes. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of using an RL-based approach that is both clinically interpretable and performance-robust to develop personalized lung cancer screening schedules. Our findings present opportunities for enhancing the current cancer screening system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Wang
- Peking University People's HospitalPeking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver DiseasesBeijingChina
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xin Sui
- Department of RadiologyPeking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Wei Song
- Department of RadiologyPeking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Fang Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yaoda Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jingmei Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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Wang Z, Xue F, Sui X, Han W, Song W, Jiang J. Personalised follow-up and management schema for patients with screen-detected pulmonary nodules: A dynamic modelling study. Pulmonology 2024:S2531-0437(24)00040-0. [PMID: 38614860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selecting the time target for follow-up testing in lung cancer screening is challenging. We aim to devise dynamic, personalized lung cancer screening schema for patients with pulmonary nodules detected through low-dose computed tomography. METHODS We developed and validated dynamic models using data of pulmonary nodule patients (aged 55-74 years) from the National Lung Screening Trial. We predicted patient-specific risk profiles at baseline (R0) and updated the risk evaluation results in repeated screening rounds (R1 and R2). We used risk cutoffs to optimize time-dependent sensitivity at an early decision point (3 months) and time-dependent specificity at a late decision point (1 year). RESULTS In validation, area under receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting 12-month lung cancer onset was 0.867 (95 % confidence interval: 0.827-0.894) and 0.807 (0.765-0.948) at R0 and R1-R2, respectively. The personalized schema, compared with National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline and Lung-RADS, yielded lower rates of delayed diagnosis (1.7% vs. 1.7% vs. 6.9 %) and over-testing (4.9% vs. 5.6% vs. 5.6 %) at R0, and lower rates of delayed diagnosis (0.0% vs. 18.2% vs. 18.2 %) and over-testing (2.6% vs. 8.3% vs. 7.3 %) at R2. Earlier test recommendation among cancer patients was more frequent using the personalized schema (vs. NCCN: 29.8% vs. 20.9 %, p = 0.0065; vs. Lung-RADS: 33.2% vs. 22.8 %, p = 0.0025), especially for women, patients aged ≥65 years, and part-solid or non-solid nodules. CONCLUSIONS The personalized schema is easy-to-implement and more accurate compared with rule-based protocols. The results highlight value of personalized approaches in realizing efficient nodule management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College. No. 5 Dongdansantiao Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China; Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases. No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, China
| | - F Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College. No. 5 Dongdansantiao Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - X Sui
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital. No.1 Shuaifuyuan Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - W Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College. No. 5 Dongdansantiao Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - W Song
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital. No.1 Shuaifuyuan Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - J Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College. No. 5 Dongdansantiao Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
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Kanan M, Alharbi H, Alotaibi N, Almasuood L, Aljoaid S, Alharbi T, Albraik L, Alothman W, Aljohani H, Alzahrani A, Alqahtani S, Kalantan R, Althomali R, Alameen M, Mufti A. AI-Driven Models for Diagnosing and Predicting Outcomes in Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:674. [PMID: 38339425 PMCID: PMC10854661 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Lung cancer's high mortality due to late diagnosis highlights a need for early detection strategies. Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, particularly for lung cancer, offers promise by analyzing medical data for early identification and personalized treatment. This systematic review evaluates AI's performance in early lung cancer detection, analyzing its techniques, strengths, limitations, and comparative edge over traditional methods. (2) Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the PRISMA guidelines rigorously, outlining a comprehensive protocol and employing tailored search strategies across diverse databases. Two reviewers independently screened studies based on predefined criteria, ensuring the selection of high-quality data relevant to AI's role in lung cancer detection. The extraction of key study details and performance metrics, followed by quality assessment, facilitated a robust analysis using R software (Version 4.3.0). The process, depicted via a PRISMA flow diagram, allowed for the meticulous evaluation and synthesis of the findings in this review. (3) Results: From 1024 records, 39 studies met the inclusion criteria, showcasing diverse AI model applications for lung cancer detection, emphasizing varying strengths among the studies. These findings underscore AI's potential for early lung cancer diagnosis but highlight the need for standardization amidst study variations. The results demonstrate promising pooled sensitivity and specificity of 0.87, signifying AI's accuracy in identifying true positives and negatives, despite the observed heterogeneity attributed to diverse study parameters. (4) Conclusions: AI demonstrates promise in early lung cancer detection, showing high accuracy levels in this systematic review. However, study variations underline the need for standardized protocols to fully leverage AI's potential in revolutionizing early diagnosis, ultimately benefiting patients and healthcare professionals. As the field progresses, validated AI models from large-scale perspective studies will greatly benefit clinical practice and patient care in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kanan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hajar Alharbi
- Department of Medicine, Gdansk Medical University, 80210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nawaf Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 73213, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lubna Almasuood
- Department of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad Aljoaid
- Department of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tuqa Alharbi
- Department of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leen Albraik
- Department of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh 12385, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wojod Alothman
- Department of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Aljohani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22230, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Aghnar Alzahrani
- Department of Medicine, Al-Baha University, Al Bahah 65964, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadeem Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62217, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Kalantan
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22230, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Raghad Althomali
- Department of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 26311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Alameen
- Department of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 26311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahdab Mufti
- Department of Medicine, Ibn Sina National College, Jeddah 22230, Saudi Arabia
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Pacurari AC, Bhattarai S, Muhammad A, Avram C, Mederle AO, Rosca O, Bratosin F, Bogdan I, Fericean RM, Biris M, Olaru F, Dumitru C, Tapalaga G, Mavrea A. Diagnostic Accuracy of Machine Learning AI Architectures in Detection and Classification of Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2145. [PMID: 37443539 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostic imaging has gained significant interest in recent years, particularly in lung cancer detection. This systematic review aims to assess the accuracy of machine learning (ML) AI algorithms in lung cancer detection, identify the ML architectures currently in use, and evaluate the clinical relevance of these diagnostic imaging methods. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus databases was conducted in February 2023, encompassing the literature published up until December 2022. The review included nine studies, comprising five case-control studies, three retrospective cohort studies, and one prospective cohort study. Various ML architectures were analyzed, including artificial neural network (ANN), entropy degradation method (EDM), probabilistic neural network (PNN), support vector machine (SVM), partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), and random forest neural network (RFNN). The ML architectures demonstrated promising results in detecting and classifying lung cancer across different lesion types. The sensitivity of the ML algorithms ranged from 0.81 to 0.99, while the specificity varied from 0.46 to 1.00. The accuracy of the ML algorithms ranged from 77.8% to 100%. The AI architectures were successful in differentiating between malignant and benign lesions and detecting small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This systematic review highlights the potential of ML AI architectures in the detection and classification of lung cancer, with varying levels of diagnostic accuracy. Further studies are needed to optimize and validate these AI algorithms, as well as to determine their clinical relevance and applicability in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanket Bhattarai
- KIST Medical College, Faculty of General Medicine, Imadol Marg, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal
| | - Abdullah Muhammad
- Islamic International Medical College, Faculty of General Medicine, 41 7th Ave, 46000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Claudiu Avram
- Doctoral School, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandru Ovidiu Mederle
- Department of Surgery, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Rosca
- Department of Infectious Diseases, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Felix Bratosin
- Doctoral School, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Infectious Diseases, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia Bogdan
- Doctoral School, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Infectious Diseases, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Manuela Fericean
- Doctoral School, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Infectious Diseases, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Biris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Flavius Olaru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Catalin Dumitru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gianina Tapalaga
- Department of Odontotherapy and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adelina Mavrea
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology Clinic, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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VJ MJ, S K. Multi-classification approach for lung nodule detection and classification with proposed texture feature in X-ray images. MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2023:1-28. [PMID: 37362672 PMCID: PMC10188326 DOI: 10.1007/s11042-023-15281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a widespread type of cancer around the world. It is, moreover, a lethal type of tumor. Nevertheless, analysis signifies that earlier recognition of lung cancer considerably develops the possibilities of survival. By deploying X-rays and Computed Tomography (CT) scans, radiologists could identify hazardous nodules at an earlier period. However, when more citizens adopt these diagnoses, the workload rises for radiologists. Computer Assisted Diagnosis (CAD)-based detection systems can identify these nodules automatically and could assist radiologists in reducing their workloads. However, they result in lower sensitivity and a higher count of false positives. The proposed work introduces a new approach for Lung Nodule (LN) detection. At first, Histogram Equalization (HE) is done during pre-processing. As the next step, improved Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering using Hierarchies (BIRCH) based segmentation is done. Then, the characteristics, including "Gray Level Run-Length Matrix (GLRM), Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM), and the proposed Local Vector Pattern (LVP)," are retrieved. These features are then categorized utilizing an optimized Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and itdetectsnodule or non-nodule images. Subsequently, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is deployed to categorize nodule types (benign, malignant, or normal). The CNN weights are fine-tuned by the Chaotic Population-based Beetle Swarm Algorithm (CP-BSA). Finally, the superiority of the proposed approach is confirmed across various measures. The developed approach has exhibited a high precision value of 0.9575 for the best case scenario, and high sensitivity value of 0.9646 for the mean case scenario. The superiority of the proposed approach is confirmed across various measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jaya VJ
- Department of Computer Science, Assumption Autonomous College, Changanassery, Kerala India
| | - Krishnakumar S
- Department of Electronics, School of Technology and Applied Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala India
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7
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Sebastian AE, Dua D. Lung Nodule Detection via Optimized Convolutional Neural Network: Impact of Improved Moth Flame Algorithm. SENSING AND IMAGING 2023; 24:11. [PMID: 36936054 PMCID: PMC10009866 DOI: 10.1007/s11220-022-00406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a high-risk disease that affects people all over the world, and lung nodules are the most common sign of early lung cancer. Since early identification of lung cancer can considerably improve a lung scanner patient's chances of survival, an accurate and efficient nodule detection system can be essential. Automatic lung nodule recognition decreases radiologists' effort, as well as the risk of misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses. Hence, this article developed a new lung nodule detection model with four stages like "Image pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification". In this processes, pre-processing is the first step, in which the input image is subjected to a series of operations. Then, the "Otsu Thresholding model" is used to segment the pre-processed pictures. Then in the third stage, the LBP features are retrieved that is then classified via optimized Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). In this, the activation function and convolutional layer count of CNN is optimally tuned via a proposed algorithm known as Improved Moth Flame Optimization (IMFO). At the end, the betterment of the scheme is validated by carrying out analysis in terms of certain measures. Especially, the accuracy of the proposed work is 6.85%, 2.91%, 1.75%, 0.73%, 1.83%, as well as 4.05% superior to the extant SVM, KNN, CNN, MFO, WTEEB as well as GWO + FRVM methods respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Disha Dua
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, Delhi, India
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8
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Otero-Leon DF, Lavieri MS, Denton BT, Sussman J, Hayward RA. Monitoring policy in the context of preventive treatment of cardiovascular disease. Health Care Manag Sci 2023; 26:93-116. [PMID: 36284034 DOI: 10.1007/s10729-022-09621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Preventing chronic diseases is an essential aspect of medical care. To prevent chronic diseases, physicians focus on monitoring their risk factors and prescribing the necessary medication. The optimal monitoring policy depends on the patient's risk factors and demographics. Monitoring too frequently may be unnecessary and costly; on the other hand, monitoring the patient infrequently means the patient may forgo needed treatment and experience adverse events related to the disease. We propose a finite horizon and finite-state Markov decision process to define monitoring policies. To build our Markov decision process, we estimate stochastic models based on longitudinal observational data from electronic health records for a large cohort of patients seen in the national U.S. Veterans Affairs health system. We use our model to study policies for whether or when to assess the need for cholesterol-lowering medications. We further use our model to investigate the role of gender and race on optimal monitoring policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Otero-Leon
- Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Mariel S Lavieri
- Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brian T Denton
- Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jeremy Sussman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rodney A Hayward
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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9
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Yang CY, Shiranthika C, Wang CY, Chen KW, Sumathipala S. Reinforcement learning strategies in cancer chemotherapy treatments: A review. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 229:107280. [PMID: 36529000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide and chemotherapies are the most significant anti-cancer therapy, in spite of the emerging precision cancer medicines in the last 2 decades. The growing interest in developing the effective chemotherapy regimen with optimal drug dosing schedule to benefit the clinical cancer patients has spawned innovative solutions involving mathematical modeling since the chemotherapy regimens are administered cyclically until the futility or the occurrence of intolerable adverse events. Thus, in this present work, we reviewed the emerging trends involved in forming a computational solution from the aspect of reinforcement learning. METHODS Initially, this survey in-depth focused on the details of the dynamic treatment regimens from a broad perspective and then narrowed down to inspirations from reinforcement learning that were advantageous to chemotherapy dosing, including both offline reinforcement learning and supervised reinforcement learning. RESULTS The insights established in the chemotherapy-planning problem associated with the Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been discussed in this study. It showed that the researchers were able to widen their perspectives in comprehending the theoretical basis, dynamic treatment regimens (DTR), use of the adaptive control on DTR, and the associated RL techniques. CONCLUSIONS This study reviewed the recent researches relevant to the topic, and highlighted the challenges, open questions, possible solutions, and future steps in inventing a realistic solution for the aforementioned problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Yun Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chamani Shiranthika
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yih Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chen
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Sagara Sumathipala
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
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10
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Thong LT, Chou HS, Chew HSJ, Lau Y. Diagnostic test accuracy of artificial intelligence-based imaging for lung cancer screening: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lung Cancer 2023; 176:4-13. [PMID: 36566582 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the principal cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Early detection of lung cancer with screening is indispensable to reduce the high morbidity and mortality rates. Artificial intelligence (AI) is widely utilised in healthcare, including in the assessment of medical images. A growing number of reviews studied the application of AI in lung cancer screening, but no overarching meta-analysis has examined the diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) of AI-based imaging for lung cancer screening. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the DTA of AI-based imaging for lung cancer screening. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, ACM Digital Library, Scopus, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses were searched from inception to date. Studies that were published in English and that evaluated the performance of AI-based imaging for lung cancer screening were included. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts and used the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool to appraise the quality of selected studies. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation to diagnostic tests was used to assess the certainty of evidence. RESULTS Twenty-six studies with 150,721 imaging data were included. Hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic model used for meta-analysis demonstrated that the pooled sensitivity for AI-based imaging for lung cancer screening was 94.6 % (95 % CI: 91.4 % to 96.7 %) and specificity was 93.6 % (95 % CI: 88.5 % to 96.6 %). Subgroup analyses revealed that similar results were found among different types of AI, region, data source, and year of publication, but the overall quality of evidence was very low. CONCLUSION AI-based imaging could effectively detect lung cancer and be incorporated into lung cancer screening programs. Further high-quality DTA studies on large lung cancer screening populations are required to validate AI's role in early lung cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay Teng Thong
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Hui Shan Chou
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Han Shi Jocelyn Chew
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ying Lau
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Derivative-free optimization of combinatorial problems – A case study in colorectal cancer screening. Comput Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.107193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Artificial Intelligence Tools for Refining Lung Cancer Screening. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123860. [PMID: 33261057 PMCID: PMC7760157 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly one-quarter of all cancer deaths worldwide are due to lung cancer, making this disease the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women. The most important determinant of survival in lung cancer is the disease stage at diagnosis, thus developing an effective screening method for early diagnosis has been a long-term goal in lung cancer care. In the last decade, and based on the results of large clinical trials, lung cancer screening programs using low-dose computer tomography (LDCT) in high-risk individuals have been implemented in some clinical settings, however, this method has various limitations, especially a high false-positive rate which eventually results in a number of unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic interventions among the screened subjects. By using complex algorithms and software, artificial intelligence (AI) is capable to emulate human cognition in the analysis, interpretation, and comprehension of complicated data and currently, it is being successfully applied in various healthcare settings. Taking advantage of the ability of AI to quantify information from images, and its superior capability in recognizing complex patterns in images compared to humans, AI has the potential to aid clinicians in the interpretation of LDCT images obtained in the setting of lung cancer screening. In the last decade, several AI models aimed to improve lung cancer detection have been reported. Some algorithms performed equal or even outperformed experienced radiologists in distinguishing benign from malign lung nodules and some of those models improved diagnostic accuracy and decreased the false-positive rate. Here, we discuss recent publications in which AI algorithms are utilized to assess chest computer tomography (CT) scans imaging obtaining in the setting of lung cancer screening.
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