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Oh K, Park J, Jo SH, Hong SJ, Kim WS, Paik NJ, Park HS. Improved cortical activity and reduced gait asymmetry during poststroke self-paced walking rehabilitation. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2021; 18:60. [PMID: 33849557 PMCID: PMC8042685 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-021-00859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For patients with gait impairment due to neurological disorders, body weight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) has been widely used for gait rehabilitation. On a conventional (passive) treadmill that runs at a constant speed, however, the level of patient engagement and cortical activity decreased compared with gait training on the ground. To increase the level of cognitive engagement and brain activity during gait rehabilitation, a self-paced (active) treadmill is introduced to allow patients to actively control walking speed, as with overground walking. Methods To validate the effects of self-paced treadmill walking on cortical activities, this paper presents a clinical test with stroke survivors. We hypothesized that cortical activities on the affected side of the brain would also increase during active walking because patients have to match the target walking speed with the affected lower limbs. Thus, asymmetric gait patterns such as limping or hobbling might also decrease during active walking. Results Although the clinical test was conducted in a short period, the patients showed higher cognitive engagement, improved brain activities assessed by electroencephalography (EEG), and decreased gait asymmetry with the self-paced treadmill. As expected, increases in the spectral power of the low γ and β bands in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), premotor cortex (PMC), and supramarginal gyrus (SG) were found, which are possibly related to processing sensory data and planning voluntary movements. In addition, these changes in cortical activities were also found with the affected lower limbs during the swing phase. Since our treadmill controller tracked the swing speed of the leg to control walking speed, such results imply that subjects made substantial effort to control their affected legs in the swing phase to match the target walking speed. Conclusions The patients also showed reduced gait asymmetry patterns. Based on the results, the self-paced gait training system has the potential to train the symmetric gait and to promote the related cortical activities after stroke. Trial registration Not applicable
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Affiliation(s)
- Keonyoung Oh
- Arms & Hands Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihong Park
- Department of Rehabilitation, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hyeon Jo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Jong Paik
- Department of Rehabilitation, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Soon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Hedrick EA, Parker SM, Hsiao H, Knarr BA. Mechanisms used to increase propulsive forces on a treadmill in older adults. J Biomech 2020; 115:110139. [PMID: 33321429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Older adults typically demonstrate reductions in overground walking speeds and propulsive forces compared to young adults. These reductions in walking speeds are risk factors for negative health outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of an adaptive speed treadmill controller on walking speed and propulsive forces in older adults, including the mechanisms and strategies underlying any change in propulsive force between conditions. Seventeen participants completed two treadmill conditions, one with a fixed comfortable walking speed and one with an adaptive speed controller. The adaptive speed treadmill controller utilized a set of inertial-force, gait parameters, and position-based controllers that respond to an instantaneous anterior inertial force. A biomechanical-based model previously developed for individuals post-stroke was implemented for older adults to determine the primary gait parameters that contributed to the change in propulsive forces when increasing speed. Participants walked at faster average speeds during the adaptive speed controller (1.20 m/s) compared to the fixed speed controller conditions (0.98 m/s); however, these speeds were not as fast as their overground speed (1.44 m/s). Although average trailing limb angle (TLA) (p < 0.001) and ankle moment (p = 0.020) increased when speed also increased between treadmill conditions, increasing TLA contributed more to the increased propulsive forces seen during faster treadmill speeds. Our findings show that older adults chose faster walking speeds and increased propulsive force when walking on an adaptive speed treadmill compared to a fixed speed treadmill, suggesting that an adaptive speed treadmill controller has the potential to be a beneficial alternative to current exercise interventions for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Hedrick
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Sheridan M Parker
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, NE, United States
| | - HaoYuan Hsiao
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, TX, United States
| | - Brian A Knarr
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, NE, United States
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3
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Ray NT, Knarr BA, Higginson JS. Walking speed changes in response to novel user-driven treadmill control. J Biomech 2018; 78:143-149. [PMID: 30078637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Implementing user-driven treadmill control in gait training programs for rehabilitation may be an effective means of enhancing motor learning and improving functional performance. This study aimed to determine the effect of a user-driven treadmill control scheme on walking speeds, anterior ground reaction forces (AGRF), and trailing limb angles (TLA) of healthy adults. Twenty-three participants completed a 10-m overground walking task to measure their overground self-selected (SS) walking speeds. Then, they walked at their SS and fastest comfortable walking speeds on an instrumented split-belt treadmill in its fixed speed and user-driven control modes. The user-driven treadmill controller combined inertial-force, gait parameter, and position based control to adjust the treadmill belt speed in real time. Walking speeds, peak AGRF, and TLA were compared among test conditions using paired t-tests (α = 0.05). Participants chose significantly faster SS and fast walking speeds in the user-driven mode than the fixed speed mode (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference between the overground SS walking speed and the SS speed from the user-driven trials (p < 0.05). Changes in AGRF and TLA were caused primarily by changes in walking speed, not the treadmill controller. Our findings show the user-driven treadmill controller allowed participants to select walking speeds faster than their chosen speeds on the fixed speed treadmill and similar to their overground speeds. Since user-driven treadmill walking increases cognitive activity and natural mobility, these results suggest user-driven treadmill control would be a beneficial addition to current gait training programs for rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
| | - Brian A Knarr
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jill S Higginson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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4
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Shanahan CJ, Boonstra FMC, Cofré Lizama LE, Strik M, Moffat BA, Khan F, Kilpatrick TJ, van der Walt A, Galea MP, Kolbe SC. Technologies for Advanced Gait and Balance Assessments in People with Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2018; 8:708. [PMID: 29449825 PMCID: PMC5799707 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtle gait and balance dysfunction is a precursor to loss of mobility in multiple sclerosis (MS). Biomechanical assessments using advanced gait and balance analysis technologies can identify these subtle changes and could be used to predict mobility loss early in the disease. This update critically evaluates advanced gait and balance analysis technologies and their applicability to identifying early lower limb dysfunction in people with MS. Non-wearable (motion capture systems, force platforms, and sensor-embedded walkways) and wearable (pressure and inertial sensors) biomechanical analysis systems have been developed to provide quantitative gait and balance assessments. Non-wearable systems are highly accurate, reliable and provide detailed outcomes, but require cumbersome and expensive equipment. Wearable systems provide less detail but can be used in community settings and can provide real-time feedback to patients and clinicians. Biomechanical analysis using advanced gait and balance analysis technologies can identify changes in gait and balance in early MS and consequently have the potential to significantly improve monitoring of mobility changes in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille J Shanahan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - L Eduardo Cofré Lizama
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Rehabilitation Research Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Myrte Strik
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bradford A Moffat
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fary Khan
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Rehabilitation Research Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Mary P Galea
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Rehabilitation Research Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott C Kolbe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Kim J, Gravunder A, Park HS. Commercial Motion Sensor Based Low-Cost and Convenient Interactive Treadmill. SENSORS 2015; 15:23667-83. [PMID: 26393592 PMCID: PMC4610532 DOI: 10.3390/s150923667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interactive treadmills were developed to improve the simulation of overground walking when compared to conventional treadmills. However, currently available interactive treadmills are expensive and inconvenient, which limits their use. We propose a low-cost and convenient version of the interactive treadmill that does not require expensive equipment and a complicated setup. As a substitute for high-cost sensors, such as motion capture systems, a low-cost motion sensor was used to recognize the subject’s intention for speed changing. Moreover, the sensor enables the subject to make a convenient and safe stop using gesture recognition. For further cost reduction, the novel interactive treadmill was based on an inexpensive treadmill platform and a novel high-level speed control scheme was applied to maximize performance for simulating overground walking. Pilot tests with ten healthy subjects were conducted and results demonstrated that the proposed treadmill achieves similar performance to a typical, costly, interactive treadmill that contains a motion capture system and an instrumented treadmill, while providing a convenient and safe method for stopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Kim
- DGIST, Department of Robotics Engineering, 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, South Korea.
| | - Andrew Gravunder
- National Institutes of Health, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, 10 Center Drive, MSC-1604, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Hyung-Soon Park
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 291 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
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