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Schanner C, Hautala N, Rauscher FG, Falck A. The impact of the image conversion factor and image centration on retinal vessel geometric characteristics. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1112652. [PMID: 37007779 PMCID: PMC10063888 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1112652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThis study aims to use fundus image material from a long-term retinopathy follow-up study to identify problems created by changing imaging modalities or imaging settings (e.g., image centering, resolution, viewing angle, illumination wavelength). Investigating the relationship of image conversion factor and imaging centering on retinal vessel geometric characteristics (RVGC), offers solutions for longitudinal retinal vessel analysis for data obtained in clinical routine.MethodsRetinal vessel geometric characteristics were analyzed in scanned fundus photographs with Singapore-I-Vessel-Assessment using a constant image conversion factor (ICF) and an individual ICF, applying them to macula centered (MC) and optic disk centered (ODC) images. The ICF is used to convert pixel measurements into μm for vessel diameter measurements and to establish the size of the measuring zone. Calculating a constant ICF, the width of all analyzed optic disks is included, and it is used for all images of a cohort. An individual ICF, in turn, uses the optic disk diameter of the eye analyzed. To investigate agreement, Bland-Altman mean difference was calculated between ODC images analyzed with individual and constant ICF and between MC and ODC images.ResultsWith constant ICF (n = 104 eyes of 52 patients) the mean central retinal equivalent was 160.9 ± 17.08 μm for arteries (CRAE) and 208.7 ± 14.7.4 μm for veins (CRVE). The individual ICFs resulted in a mean CRAE of 163.3 ± 15.6 μm and a mean CRVE of 219.0 ± 22.3 μm. On Bland–Altman analysis, the individual ICF RVGC are more positive, resulting in a positive mean difference for most investigated parameters. Arteriovenous ratio (p = 0.86), simple tortuosity (p = 0.08), and fractal dimension (p = 0.80) agreed well between MC and ODC images, while the vessel diameters were significantly smaller in MC images (p < 0.002).ConclusionScanned images can be analyzed using vessel assessment software. Investigations of individual ICF versus constant ICF point out the asset of utilizing an individual ICF. Image settings (ODC vs. MC) were shown to have good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schanner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nina Hautala
- Department of Ophthalmology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Franziska G. Rauscher
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aura Falck
- Department of Ophthalmology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- *Correspondence: Aura Falck,
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Concordance between SIVA, IVAN, and VAMPIRE Software Tools for Semi-Automated Analysis of Retinal Vessel Caliber. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12061317. [PMID: 35741127 PMCID: PMC9221842 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to compare measurements from three of the most widely used software packages in the literature and to generate conversion algorithms for measurement of the central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) between SIVA and IVAN and between SIVA and VAMPIRE. We analyzed 223 retinal photographs from 133 human participants using both SIVA, VAMPIRE and IVAN independently for computing CRAE and CRVE. Agreement between measurements was assessed using Bland–Altman plots and intra-class correlation coefficients. A conversion algorithm between measurements was carried out using linear regression, and validated using bootstrapping and root-mean-square error. The agreement between VAMPIRE and IVAN was poor to moderate: The mean difference was 20.2 µm (95% limits of agreement, LOA, −12.2–52.6 µm) for CRAE and 21.0 µm (95% LOA, −17.5–59.5 µm) for CRVE. The agreement between VAMPIRE and SIVA was also poor to moderate: the mean difference was 36.6 µm (95% LOA, −12.8–60.4 µm) for CRAE, and 40.3 µm (95% LOA, 5.6–75.0 µm) for CRVE. The agreement between IVAN and SIVA was good to excellent: the mean difference was 16.4 µm (95% LOA, −4.25–37.0 µm) for CRAE, and 19.3 µm (95% LOA, 0.09–38.6 µm) for CRVE. We propose an algorithm converting IVAN and VAMPIRE measurements into SIVA-estimated measurements, which could be used to homogenize sets of vessel measurements obtained with different software packages.
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A Hybrid Method to Enhance Thick and Thin Vessels for Blood Vessel Segmentation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11112017. [PMID: 34829365 PMCID: PMC8621384 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal blood vessels have been presented to contribute confirmation with regard to tortuosity, branching angles, or change in diameter as a result of ophthalmic disease. Although many enhancement filters are extensively utilized, the Jerman filter responds quite effectively at vessels, edges, and bifurcations and improves the visualization of structures. In contrast, curvelet transform is specifically designed to associate scale with orientation and can be used to recover from noisy data by curvelet shrinkage. This paper describes a method to improve the performance of curvelet transform further. A distinctive fusion of curvelet transform and the Jerman filter is presented for retinal blood vessel segmentation. Mean-C thresholding is employed for the segmentation purpose. The suggested method achieves average accuracies of 0.9600 and 0.9559 for DRIVE and CHASE_DB1, respectively. Simulation results establish a better performance and faster implementation of the suggested scheme in comparison with similar approaches seen in the literature.
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de Moura J, Novo J, Rouco J, Charlón P, Ortega M. Artery/Vein Vessel Tree Identification in Near-Infrared Reflectance Retinographies. J Digit Imaging 2019; 32:947-962. [PMID: 31144147 PMCID: PMC6841835 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-019-00235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate identification of the retinal arteries and veins is a relevant issue in the development of automatic computer-aided diagnosis systems that facilitate the analysis of different relevant diseases that affect the vascular system as diabetes or hypertension, among others. The proposed method offers a complete analysis of the retinal vascular tree structure by its identification and posterior classification into arteries and veins using optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans. These scans include the near-infrared reflectance retinography images, the ones we used in this work, in combination with the corresponding histological sections. The method, firstly, segments the vessel tree and identifies its characteristic points. Then, Global Intensity-Based Features (GIBS) are used to measure the differences in the intensity profiles between arteries and veins. A k-means clustering classifier employs these features to evaluate the potential of artery/vein identification of the proposed method. Finally, a post-processing stage is applied to correct misclassifications using context information and maximize the performance of the classification process. The methodology was validated using an OCT image dataset retrieved from 46 different patients, where 2,392 vessel segments and 97,294 vessel points were manually labeled by an expert clinician. The method achieved satisfactory results, reaching a best accuracy of 93.35% in the identification of arteries and veins, being the first proposal that faces this issue in this image modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim de Moura
- Department of Computer Science, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- CITIC - Research Center of Information and Communication Technologies, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Novo
- Department of Computer Science, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- CITIC - Research Center of Information and Communication Technologies, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - José Rouco
- Department of Computer Science, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- CITIC - Research Center of Information and Communication Technologies, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Pablo Charlón
- Instituto Oftalmológico Victoria de Rojas, 15009 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marcos Ortega
- Department of Computer Science, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- CITIC - Research Center of Information and Communication Technologies, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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Multiloss Function Based Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Segmentation of Retinal Vasculature into Arterioles and Venules. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4747230. [PMID: 31111055 PMCID: PMC6487175 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4747230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The arterioles and venules (AV) classification of retinal vasculature is considered as the first step in the development of an automated system for analysing the vasculature biomarker association with disease prognosis. Most of the existing AV classification methods depend on the accurate segmentation of retinal blood vessels. Moreover, the unavailability of large-scale annotated data is a major hindrance in the application of deep learning techniques for AV classification. This paper presents an encoder-decoder based fully convolutional neural network for classification of retinal vasculature into arterioles and venules, without requiring the preliminary step of vessel segmentation. An optimized multiloss function is used to learn the pixel-wise and segment-wise retinal vessel labels. The proposed method is trained and evaluated on DRIVE, AVRDB, and a newly created AV classification dataset; and it attains 96%, 98%, and 97% accuracy, respectively. The new AV classification dataset is comprised of 700 annotated retinal images, which will offer the researchers a benchmark to compare their AV classification results.
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McGrory S, Taylor AM, Pellegrini E, Ballerini L, Kirin M, Doubal FN, Wardlaw JM, Doney ASF, Dhillon B, Starr JM, Trucco E, Deary IJ, MacGillivray TJ. Towards Standardization of Quantitative Retinal Vascular Parameters: Comparison of SIVA and VAMPIRE Measurements in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:12. [PMID: 29600120 PMCID: PMC5868859 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Semiautomated software applications derive quantitative retinal vascular parameters from fundus camera images. However, the extent of agreement between measurements from different applications is unclear. We evaluate the agreement between retinal measures from two software applications, the Singapore "I" Vessel Assessment (SIVA) and the Vessel Assessment and Measurement Platform for Images of the Retina (VAMPIRE), and examine respective associations between retinal and systemic outcomes. Method Fundus camera images from 665 Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 participants were analyzed with SIVA and VAMPIRE. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots assessed agreement between retinal parameters: measurements of vessel width, fractal dimension, and tortuosity. Retinal-systemic variable associations were assessed with Pearson's correlation, and intersoftware correlation magnitude differences were examined with Williams's test. Results ICC values indicated poor to limited agreement for all retinal parameters (0.159-0.410). Bland-Altman plots revealed proportional bias in the majority, and systematic bias in all measurements. SIVA and VAMPIRE measurements were associated most consistently with systemic variables relating to blood pressure (SIVA r's from -0.122 to -0.183; VAMPIRE r's from -0.078 to -0.177). Williams's tests indicated significant differences in the magnitude of association between retinal and systemic variables for 7 of 77 comparisons (P < 0.05). Conclusions Agreement between two common software applications was poor. Further studies are required to determine whether associations with systemic variables are software-dependent. Translational Relevance Standardization of the measurement of retinal vascular parameters is warranted to ensure that they are reliable and application-independent. This would be an important step towards realizing the potential of the retina as a source of imaging-derived biomarkers that are clinically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McGrory
- VAMPIRE project, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adele M Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Enrico Pellegrini
- VAMPIRE project, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucia Ballerini
- VAMPIRE project, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mirna Kirin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Fergus N Doubal
- VAMPIRE project, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- VAMPIRE project, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alex S F Doney
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Baljean Dhillon
- VAMPIRE project, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emanuele Trucco
- VAMPIRE project, Computing, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas J MacGillivray
- VAMPIRE project, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Pellegrini E, Robertson G, MacGillivray T, van Hemert J, Houston G, Trucco E. A Graph Cut Approach to Artery/Vein Classification in Ultra-Widefield Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2018; 37:516-526. [PMID: 29035214 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2017.2762963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The classification of blood vessels into arterioles and venules is a fundamental step in the automatic investigation of retinal biomarkers for systemic diseases. In this paper, we present a novel technique for vessel classification on ultra-wide-field-of-view images of the retinal fundus acquired with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a fully automated artery/vein classification technique for this type of retinal imaging with no manual intervention has been presented. The proposed method exploits hand-crafted features based on local vessel intensity and vascular morphology to formulate a graph representation from which a globally optimal separation between the arterial and venular networks is computed by graph cut approach. The technique was tested on three different data sets (one publicly available and two local) and achieved an average classification accuracy of 0.883 in the largest data set.
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Multiscale self-quotient filtering for an improved unsupervised retinal blood vessels characterisation. Biomed Eng Lett 2017; 8:59-68. [PMID: 30603190 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-017-0040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital images often suffer from contrast variability and non-uniform illumination, which seriously affect the evaluation of biomarkers such as the arteriolar to venular ratio. This biomarker provides valuable information about many pathological conditions such as diabetes, hypertension etc. Hence, in order to efficiently estimate the biomarkers, correct classification of retinal vessels extracted from digital images, into arterioles and venules is an important research problem. This paper presents an unsupervised retinal vessel classification approach which utilises the multiscale self-quotient filtering, to pre-process the input image before extracting the discriminating features. Thereafter the squared-loss mutual information clustering method is used for the unsupervised classification of retinal vessels. The proposed vessel classification method was evaluated on the publicly available DRIVE and INSPIRE-AVR databases. The proposed unclassified framework resulted in 93.2 and 88.9% classification rate in zone B for the DRIVE and the INSPIRE-AVR dataset respectively. The proposed method outperformed other tested methods available in the literature. Retinal vessel classification, in an unsupervised setting is a challenging task. The present framework provided high classification rate and therefore holds a great potential to aid computer aided diagnosis and biomarker research.
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Besenczi R, Tóth J, Hajdu A. A review on automatic analysis techniques for color fundus photographs. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2016; 14:371-384. [PMID: 27800125 PMCID: PMC5072151 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we give a review on automatic image processing tools to recognize diseases causing specific distortions in the human retina. After a brief summary of the biology of the retina, we give an overview of the types of lesions that may appear as biomarkers of both eye and non-eye diseases. We present several state-of-the-art procedures to extract the anatomic components and lesions in color fundus photographs and decision support methods to help clinical diagnosis. We list publicly available databases and appropriate measurement techniques to compare quantitatively the performance of these approaches. Furthermore, we discuss on how the performance of image processing-based systems can be improved by fusing the output of individual detector algorithms. Retinal image analysis using mobile phones is also addressed as an expected future trend in this field.
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Key Words
- ACC, accuracy
- AMD, age-related macular degeneration
- AUC, area under the receiver operator characteristics curve
- Biomedical imaging
- Clinical decision support
- DR, diabetic retinopathy
- FN, false negative
- FOV, field-of-view
- FP, false positive
- FPI, false positive per image
- Fundus image analysis
- MA, microaneurysm
- NA, not available
- OC, optic cup
- OD, optic disc
- PPV, positive predictive value (precision)
- ROC, Retinopathy Online Challenge
- RS, Retinopathy Online Challenge score
- Retinal diseases
- SCC, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
- SE, sensitivity
- SP, specificity
- TN, true negative
- TP, true positive
- kNN, k-nearest neighbor
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Affiliation(s)
- Renátó Besenczi
- Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen 4002 Debrecen PO Box 400, Hungary
| | - János Tóth
- Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen 4002 Debrecen PO Box 400, Hungary
| | - András Hajdu
- Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen 4002 Debrecen PO Box 400, Hungary
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Cameron JR, Ballerini L, Langan C, Warren C, Denholm N, Smart K, MacGillivray TJ. Modulation of retinal image vasculature analysis to extend utility and provide secondary value from optical coherence tomography imaging. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2016; 3:020501. [PMID: 27175375 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.3.2.020501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal image analysis is emerging as a key source of biomarkers of chronic systemic conditions affecting the cardiovascular system and brain. The rapid development and increasing diversity of commercial retinal imaging systems present a challenge to image analysis software providers. In addition, clinicians are looking to extract maximum value from the clinical imaging taking place. We describe how existing and well-established retinal vasculature segmentation and measurement software for fundus camera images has been modulated to analyze scanning laser ophthalmoscope retinal images generated by the dual-modality Heidelberg SPECTRALIS(®) instrument, which also features optical coherence tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Cameron
- University of Edinburgh, Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; University of Edinburgh, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Ballerini
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; University of Edinburgh, Clinical Research Imaging Centre, VAMPIRE Project, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Langan
- University of Edinburgh , College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Warren
- University of Edinburgh , College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Denholm
- University of Edinburgh , College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Smart
- University of Edinburgh , College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J MacGillivray
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; University of Edinburgh, Clinical Research Imaging Centre, VAMPIRE Project, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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Fuchs SC, Pakter HM, Maestri MK, Beltrami-Moreira M, Gus M, Moreira LB, Oliveira MM, Fuchs FD. Are Retinal Vessels Calibers Influenced by Blood Pressure Measured at the Time of Retinography Acquisition? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136678. [PMID: 26375034 PMCID: PMC4572709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal arterial narrowing is associated with higher office blood pressure (BP) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, but it is still unknown if the vessel caliber is associated with BP measured at the time of retinography acquisition. Methods Retinal arteriolar and venular calibers were measured by the microdensitometric method in 448 patients with hypertension. Participants underwent 24-hours ambulatory blood pressure (24-h ABP) monitoring simultaneously with the retinography acquisition. Association between arteriolar and venular calibers with increase of 10 mmHg in the mean 24-hours, daily, and nightly BP, and with BP measured at the time of retinography, was evaluated by ANOVA and multivariate analyses. Results Mean 24-hours, daytime and nighttime systolic and diastolic BP were inversely associated with the arteriolar caliber, but not with the venular caliber. Arteriolar caliber decreased -0.8 (95% CI -1.4 to -0.2) μm per 10-mmHg increase in 24-hours mean systolic BP, adjusted for age, gender, fellow vessel, and duration of hypertension (P = 0.01). The corresponding decreasing in arteriolar caliber by 10 mmHg of increasing in mean diastolic BP was -1.1 μm (-2.0 to -0.2, P = 0.02). The decrease of arteriolar caliber by the same increasing of BP measured at the time of retinography was lower and not statistically significant, particularly for mean diastolic BP and outer arterioles calibers: -1.0 (-1.8 to -0.2) μm in the daytime BP average versus -0.3 (-0.9 to 0.3) at the moment of retinography acquisition. Conclusions These findings suggest that the caliber of arteriolar retinal vessels in patients with uncontrolled hypertension are not significantly influenced by blood pressure measured at the time of retinography acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C. Fuchs
- Postgraduate Studies Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90035–003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Studies Program in Cardiology, School of Medicine, and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90035–003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Helena M. Pakter
- Postgraduate Studies Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90035–003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo K. Maestri
- Division of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos 2350, CEP 90035–003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Beltrami-Moreira
- Postgraduate Studies Program in Cardiology, School of Medicine, and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90035–003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Miguel Gus
- Postgraduate Studies Program in Cardiology, School of Medicine, and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90035–003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leila B. Moreira
- Postgraduate Studies Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90035–003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Studies Program in Cardiology, School of Medicine, and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90035–003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Manuel M. Oliveira
- Informatics Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15064, CEP 91501–970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavio D. Fuchs
- Postgraduate Studies Program in Cardiology, School of Medicine, and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90035–003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment (IATS)-CNPq, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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