Humayun AI, Ghaffarzadegan S, Ansari MI, Feng Z, Hasan T. Towards Domain Invariant Heart Sound Abnormality Detection Using Learnable Filterbanks.
IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2020;
24:2189-2198. [PMID:
32012032 DOI:
10.1109/jbhi.2020.2970252]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
Cardiac auscultation is the most practiced non-invasive and cost-effective procedure for the early diagnosis of heart diseases. While machine learning based systems can aid in automatically screening patients, the robustness of these systems is affected by numerous factors including the stethoscope/sensor, environment, and data collection protocol. This article studies the adverse effect of domain variability on heart sound abnormality detection and develops strategies to address this problem.
METHODS
We propose a novel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) layer, consisting of time-convolutional (tConv) units, that emulate Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters. The filter coefficients can be updated via backpropagation and be stacked in the front-end of the network as a learnable filterbank.
RESULTS
On publicly available multi-domain datasets, the proposed method surpasses the top-scoring systems found in the literature for heart sound abnormality detection (a binary classification task). We utilized sensitivity, specificity, F-1 score and Macc (average of sensitivity and specificity) as performance metrics. Our systems achieved relative improvements of up to 11.84% in terms of MAcc, compared to state-of-the-art methods.
CONCLUSION
The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed learnable filterbank CNN architecture in achieving robustness towards sensor/domain variability in PCG signals.
SIGNIFICANCE
The proposed methods pave the way for deploying automated cardiac screening systems in diversified and underserved communities.
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