Exerciser for rehabilitation of the Arm (ERA): Development and unique features of a 3D end-effector robot

A novel end-effector upper limb rehabilitation robot: Kinematics modeling based on dual quaternion and low-speed spiral motion tracking control

For patients with upper limb dysfunction after stroke, robot-assisted rehabilitation training plays an important role in functional recovery. The existing upper limb rehabilitation robots have some problems, such as complex mechanisms, insufficient compliance, and can only realize the rehabilitation training of shoulder and elbow joints in the horizontal plane. This research proposes a novel end-effector upper limb rehabilitation robot with three degrees of freedom. Two horizontal rotation freedoms are driven by motors and one vertical translation freedom is driven by a pneumatic cylinder. So it can realize the spatial rehabilitation training of shoulder and elbow joints. The rotation and translation transformation of the robot can be represented by a dual quaternion, which is concise in form and clear in the physical meaning. Therefore, this article adopts dual quaternions to complete the robot’s kinematics modeling, inverse kinematics calculation, and terminal spiral motion trajectory planning. To improve the low-speed moving performance of the spiral motion, a sliding mode control strategy plus feedforward compensation is employed to control the displacement of the cylinder. Experiments show that the robot can realize proximal joints training and has good position tracking accuracy (tracking error is within 2 mm) with smoothness under the proposed control strategy, which can guarantee the accuracy and comfort of passive rehabilitation training, contributing to restoring the function of the impairment upper limbs.