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Current Stimulation of the Midbrain Nucleus in Pigeons for Avian Flight Control. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12070788. [PMID: 34209448 PMCID: PMC8305299 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of research attempts to understand and modulate sensory and motor skills that are beyond the capability of humans have been underway. They have mainly been expounded in rodent models, where numerous reports of controlling movement to reach target locations by brain stimulation have been achieved. However, in the case of birds, although basic research on movement control has been conducted, the brain nuclei that are triggering these movements have yet to be established. In order to fully control flight navigation in birds, the basic central nervous system involved in flight behavior should be understood comprehensively, and functional maps of the birds’ brains to study the possibility of flight control need to be clarified. Here, we established a stable stereotactic surgery to implant multi-wire electrode arrays and electrically stimulated several nuclei of the pigeon’s brain. A multi-channel electrode array and a wireless stimulation system were implanted in thirteen pigeons. The pigeons’ flight trajectories on electrical stimulation of the cerebral nuclei were monitored and analyzed by a 3D motion tracking program to evaluate the behavioral change, and the exact stimulation site in the brain was confirmed by the postmortem histological examination. Among them, five pigeons were able to induce right and left body turns by stimulating the nuclei of the tractus occipito-mesencephalicus (OM), nucleus taeniae (TN), or nucleus rotundus (RT); the nuclei of tractus septo-mesencephalicus (TSM) or archistriatum ventrale (AV) were stimulated to induce flight aviation for flapping and take-off with five pigeons.
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Shim S, Yun S, Kim S, Choi GJ, Baek C, Jang J, Jung Y, Sung J, Park JH, Seo K, Seo JM, Song YK, Kim SJ. A handheld neural stimulation controller for avian navigation guided by remote control. Biomed Mater Eng 2020; 30:497-507. [PMID: 31640081 DOI: 10.3233/bme-191070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal learning based on brain stimulation is an application in a brain-computer interface. Especially for birds, such a stimulation system should be sufficiently light without interfering with movements of wings. OBJECTIVE We proposed a fully-implantable system for wirelessly navigating a pigeon. In this paper, we report a handheld neural stimulation controller for this avian navigation guided by remote control. METHODS The handheld controller employs ZigBee to control pigeon's behaviors through brain stimulation. ZigBee can manipulate brain stimulation remotely while powered by batteries. Additionally, simple switches enable users to customize parameters of stimuli like a gamepad. These handheld and user-friendly interfaces make it easy to use the controller while a pigeon flies in open areas. RESULTS An electrode was inserted into a nucleus (formatio reticularis medialis mesencephalic) of a pigeon and connected to a stimulator fully-implanted in the pigeon's back. Receiving signals sent from the controller, the stimulator supplied biphasic pulses with a duration of 0.080 ms and an amplitude of 0.400 mA to the nucleus. When the nucleus was stimulated, a 180-degree turning-left behavior of the pigeon was consistently observed. CONCLUSIONS The feasibility of remote avian navigation using the controller was successfully verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinyong Shim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghyeon Yun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunhyo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gwang Jin Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changhoon Baek
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungwoo Jang
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Younginha Jung
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jaehoon Sung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, USA
| | - Jeong Hoan Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Mo Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyu Song
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sung June Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Choi GJ, Seo JM, Song YK, Kim SJ, Jang J, Kim S, Baek C, Yun S, Shim S, Seo J, Jung Y, Seo K. A Fully Implantable Wireless Stimulation System for Pigeon Navigation. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:5310-5313. [PMID: 31947055 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Navigation of freely moving animals has been studied for potential application to emergency situations and hazardous environments. A fully implantable stimulation system for remote animal navigation was proposed and applied to living pigeons. The animal navigation system, consisting of an external controller and a neural stimulator, was designed based on the anatomy of the pigeons. Depth electrodes were fabricated based on the anatomy of target pigeon brain regions. The fabricated neural stimulators received data wirelessly from the external controller and generated biphasic current pulses with preset parameters of amplitude, duration, and rate. The average impedance of the fabricated electrodes was 12.0∠-13.05° kΩ at 1 kHz. The neural stimulator was implanted on the dorsal side, and the depth electrodes were inserted into the formatio reticularis medialis mesencephali (FRM). When successive current pulses with an amplitude of 400 μA, a rate of 58 Hz, and a duration of 80 μs were applied to the target regions at 0.85 s intervals, turning/circling behaviors were induced for 6.2 s. The feasibility of the proposed wireless stimulation system was demonstrated in vivo.
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