Comparison of responses of visual cortical neurons in the mouse to intraocular and extraocular electric stimulation of the retina

Effect of interphase gap duration and stimulus rate on threshold of visual cortical neurons in the rat

Stimulation threshold is a key parameter to enable an efficient design for retinal implants. Stimulation parameters such as stimulus pulse duration, pulse amplitude, pulse repetition, pulse shape and polarity have been shown to be the key factors that can influence the efficacy of retinal prosthetics. The effectiveness of these devices should best be evaluated both in the retina and in the visual cortex. Prior electrophysiological studies in the retina have shown that introducing an interphase gap make stimulation more efficient. Previous in vitro studies have also demonstrated the response properties of retinal ganglion cells are frequency dependent. However, the effect of these two stimulus parameters are not well explored at the cortical level where higher visual processing signals are processed. In this study, we examined the response properties of visual cortical neurons under stimulation of retinal ganglion cells in rat using a single-channel electrode of diameter 75 μm. We compared the response strength curves as a function of stimulus current amplitudes under different stimulus pulse duration, interphase gap and stimulus rate. Localized response to single channel epiretinal stimulation was robustly observed in V1 neurons. We found that V1 neurons were more sensitive to longer pulse and stimulus with an interphase gap, similar to previously reported results in the retina. We were also able to examine the effect of stimulus frequency on threshold in the visual cortex. Our results indicate that electrical activation of V1 neurons are more efficient at low frequency.