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Buchan S, Kar R, John M, Post A, Razavi M. Electrical Stimulation for Low-Energy Termination of Cardiac Arrhythmias: a Review. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023; 37:323-340. [PMID: 34363570 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world, estimated to be responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths annually. Our understanding of the electrophysiological mechanisms of such arrhythmias has grown since they were formally characterized in the late nineteenth century, and this has led to the development of numerous devices and therapies that have markedly improved outcomes for patients affected by such conditions. Despite these advancements, the application of a single large shock remains the clinical standard for treating deadly tachyarrhythmias. Such defibrillating shocks are undoubtedly effective in terminating such arrhythmias; however, they are applied without forewarning, contributing to the patient's stress and anxiety; they can be intensely painful; and they can have adverse psychological and physiological effects on patients. In recent years, there has been interest in developing defibrillation protocols that can terminate arrhythmias without crossing the human pain threshold for energy delivery, generally estimated to be between 0.1 and 1 J. In this article, we review existing literature on the development of such low-energy defibrillation methods and their underlying mechanisms, in an attempt to broadly describe the current landscape of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar Buchan
- Electrophysiology Clinical Research and Innovations, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ronit Kar
- Electrophysiology Clinical Research and Innovations, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Mathews John
- Electrophysiology Clinical Research and Innovations, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Allison Post
- Electrophysiology Clinical Research and Innovations, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mehdi Razavi
- Electrophysiology Clinical Research and Innovations, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Zhang Z, Alwen A, Lyu H, Liu X, Li Z, Xie Z, Xie Y, Guan F, Babakhani A, Pei Q. Stretchable Transparent Wireless Charging Coil Fabricated by Negative Transfer Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40677-40684. [PMID: 31589402 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics, such as smartwatches, VR (virtual reality)/AR (augmented reality) smartglasses, and E-textiles, are an emerging technology platform that is reshaping the way people interact with the surrounding world. However, the power source of these devices can be a critical issue, causing short operational/standby times and frequent charging. Here, a stretchable transparent wireless charging coil fabricated by negative adhesive transfer printing (NATP) is demonstrated. The stretchable transparent conductor is based on the silver nanowire (AgNW)-polyurethane acrylate (PUA) composite with high conductivity and robustness under harsh mechanical treatment. A 10.6 ohm/sq thin film has a transmittance of 84% and is still conductive under a mechanical deformation up to 60% tensile strain. A maximum power of 59 mW (power transfer efficiency ∼24%) is transferred wirelessly. A green-light-emitting diode (LED) was wirelessly powered to illustratively demonstrate the functionality of the system. This work provides an alternative power solution which is compatible with the soft and flexible components of wearable devices.
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