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Wang B, Patnaik SS, Brazile B, Butler JR, Claude A, Zhang G, Guan J, Hong Y, Liao J. Establishing Early Functional Perfusion and Structure in Tissue Engineered Cardiac Constructs. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 43:455-71. [PMID: 27480586 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2016016066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) causes massive heart muscle death and remains a leading cause of death in the world. Cardiac tissue engineering aims to replace the infarcted tissues with functional engineered heart muscles or revitalize the infarcted heart by delivering cells, bioactive factors, and/or biomaterials. One major challenge of cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration is the establishment of functional perfusion and structure to achieve timely angiogenesis and effective vascularization, which are essential to the survival of thick implants and the integration of repaired tissue with host heart. In this paper, we review four major approaches to promoting angiogenesis and vascularization in cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration: delivery of pro-angiogenic factors/molecules, direct cell implantation/cell sheet grafting, fabrication of prevascularized cardiac constructs, and the use of bioreactors to promote angiogenesis and vascularization. We further provide a detailed review and discussion on the early perfusion design in nature-derived biomaterials, synthetic biodegradable polymers, tissue-derived acellular scaffolds/whole hearts, and hydrogel derived from extracellular matrix. A better understanding of the current approaches and their advantages, limitations, and hurdles could be useful for developing better materials for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi; Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Sourav S Patnaik
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| | - Bryn Brazile
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| | - J Ryan Butler
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| | - Andrew Claude
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Ohio
| | - Jianjun Guan
- Department of Material Science and Technology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yi Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama
| | - Jun Liao
- Department of Biological Engineering and College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
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Conradi L, Schmidt S, Neofytou E, Deuse T, Peters L, Eder A, Hua X, Hansen A, Robbins RC, Beygui RE, Reichenspurner H, Eschenhagen T, Schrepfer S. Immunobiology of fibrin-based engineered heart tissue. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:625-31. [PMID: 25947338 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Different tissue-engineering approaches have been developed to induce and promote cardiac regeneration; however, the impact of the immune system and its responses to the various scaffold components of the engineered grafts remains unclear. Fibrin-based engineered heart tissue (EHT) was generated from neonatal Lewis (Lew) rat heart cells and transplanted onto the left ventricular surface of three different rat strains: syngeneic Lew, allogeneic Brown Norway, and immunodeficient Rowett Nude rats. Interferon spot frequency assay results showed similar degrees of systemic immune activation in the syngeneic and allogeneic groups, whereas no systemic immune response was detectable in the immunodeficient group (p < .001 vs. syngeneic and allogeneic). Histological analysis revealed much higher local infiltration of CD3- and CD68-positive cells in syngeneic and allogeneic rats than in immunodeficient animals. Enzyme-linked immunospot and immunofluorescence experiments revealed matrix-directed TH1-based rejection in syngeneic recipients without collateral impairment of heart cell survival. Bioluminescence imaging was used for in vivo longitudinal monitoring of transplanted luciferase-positive EHT constructs. Survival was documented in syngeneic and immunodeficient recipients for a period of up to 110 days after transplant, whereas in the allogeneic setting, graft survival was limited to only 14 ± 1 days. EHT strategies using autologous cells are promising approaches for cardiac repair applications. Although fibrin-based scaffold components elicited an immune response in our studies, syngeneic cells carried in the EHT were relatively unaffected. SIGNIFICANCE An initial insight into immunological consequences after transplantation of engineered heart tissue was gained through this study. Most important, this study was able to demonstrate cell survival despite rejection of matrix components. Generation of syngeneic human engineered heart tissue, possibly using human induced pluripotent stem cell technology with subsequent directed rejection of matrix components, may be a potential future approach to replace diseased myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenard Conradi
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, and Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Schmidt
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, and Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Evgenios Neofytou
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, and Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tobias Deuse
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, and Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Laura Peters
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, and Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alexandra Eder
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, and Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Hua
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, and Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Arne Hansen
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, and Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Robert C Robbins
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, and Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ramin E Beygui
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, and Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hermann Reichenspurner
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, and Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, and Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sonja Schrepfer
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, and Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
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Cigan AD, Nims RJ, Albro MB, Esau JD, Dreyer MP, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Hung CT, Ateshian GA. Insulin, ascorbate, and glucose have a much greater influence than transferrin and selenous acid on the in vitro growth of engineered cartilage in chondrogenic media. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1941-8. [PMID: 23544890 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of this study was to characterize the response of chondrocyte-seeded agarose constructs to varying concentrations of several key nutrients in a chondrogenic medium, within the overall context of optimizing the key nutrients and the placement of nutrient channels for successful growth of cartilage tissue constructs large enough to be clinically relevant in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). To this end, chondrocyte-agarose constructs (ø4×2.34 mm, 30×10(6) cells/mL) were subjected to varying supplementation levels of insulin (0× to 30× relative to standard supplementation), transferrin (0× to 30×), selenous acid (0× to 10×), ascorbate (0× to 30×), and glucose (0× to 3×). The quality of resulting engineered tissue constructs was evaluated by their compressive modulus (E(-Y)), tensile modulus (E(+Y)), hydraulic permeability (k), and content of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) and collagen (COL); DNA content was also quantified. Three control groups from two separate castings of constructs (1× concentrations of all medium constituents) were used. After 42 days of culture, values in each of these controls were, respectively, E(-Y)=518±78, 401±113, 236±67 kPa; E(+Y)=1420±430, 1140±490, 1240±280 kPa; k=2.3±0.8×10(-3), 5.4±7.0×10(-3), 3.3±1.3×10(-3) mm(4)/N·s; sGAG=7.8±0.3, 6.3±0.4, 4.1±0.5%/ww; COL=1.3±0.2, 1.1±0.3, 1.4±0.4%/ww; and DNA=11.5±2.2, 12.1±0.6, 5.2±2.8 μg/disk. The presence of insulin and ascorbate was essential, but their concentrations may drop as low as 0.3× without detrimental effects on any of the measured properties; excessive supplementation of ascorbate (up to 30×) was detrimental to E(-Y), and 30× insulin was detrimental to both E(+Y) and E(-Y). The presence of glucose was similarly essential, and matrix elaboration was significantly dependent on its concentration (p<10(-6)), with loss of functional properties, composition, and cellularity observed at ≤0.3×; excessive glucose supplementation (up to 3×) showed no detrimental effects. In contrast, transferrin and selenous acid had no influence on matrix elaboration. These findings suggest that adequate distributions of insulin, ascorbate, and glucose, but not necessarily of transferrin and selenous acid, must be ensured within large engineered cartilage constructs to produce a viable substitute for joint tissue lost due to OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Cigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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