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Reynaud L, Bouchet-Spinelli A, Raillon C, Buhot A. Sensing with Nanopores and Aptamers: A Way Forward. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20164495. [PMID: 32796729 PMCID: PMC7472324 DOI: 10.3390/s20164495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the 90s, the development of a novel single molecule technique based on nanopore sensing emerged. Preliminary improvements were based on the molecular or biological engineering of protein nanopores along with the use of nanotechnologies developed in the context of microelectronics. Since the last decade, the convergence between those two worlds has allowed for biomimetic approaches. In this respect, the combination of nanopores with aptamers, single-stranded oligonucleotides specifically selected towards molecular or cellular targets from an in vitro method, gained a lot of interest with potential applications for the single molecule detection and recognition in various domains like health, environment or security. The recent developments performed by combining nanopores and aptamers are highlighted in this review and some perspectives are drawn.
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Hughes QW, Le BT, Gilmore G, Baker RI, Veedu RN. Construction of a Bivalent Thrombin Binding Aptamer and Its Antidote with Improved Properties. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101770. [PMID: 29048375 PMCID: PMC6151750 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are short synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that adopt secondary and tertiary conformations based on Watson–Crick base-pairing interactions and can be used to target a range of different molecules. Two aptamers, HD1 and HD22, that bind to exosites I and II of the human thrombin molecule, respectively, have been extensively studied due to their anticoagulant potentials. However, a fundamental issue preventing the clinical translation of many aptamers is degradation by nucleases and reduced pharmacokinetic properties requiring higher dosing regimens more often. In this study, we have chemically modified the design of previously described thrombin binding aptamers targeting exosites I, HD1, and exosite II, HD22. The individual aptamers were first modified with an inverted deoxythymidine nucleotide, and then constructed bivalent aptamers by connecting the HD1 and HD22 aptamers either through a triethylene glycol (TEG) linkage or four consecutive deoxythymidines together with an inverted deoxythymidine nucleotide at the 3′-end. The anticoagulation potential, the reversal of coagulation with different antidote sequences, and the nuclease stability of the aptamers were then investigated. The results showed that a bivalent aptamer RNV220 containing an inverted deoxythymidine and a TEG linkage chemistry significantly enhanced the anticoagulation properties in blood plasma and nuclease stability compared to the existing aptamer designs. Furthermore, a bivalent antidote sequence RNV220AD efficiently reversed the anticoagulation effect of RNV220 in blood plasma. Based on our results, we believe that RNV220 could be developed as a potential anticoagulant therapeutic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin W Hughes
- Western Australian Centre for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Discovery Way, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia.
- Perth Blood Institute, Hollywood Private Hospital, Monash Avenue, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Bao T Le
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Discovery Way, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Grace Gilmore
- Western Australian Centre for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Discovery Way, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia.
- Perth Blood Institute, Hollywood Private Hospital, Monash Avenue, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Ross I Baker
- Western Australian Centre for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Discovery Way, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia.
- Perth Blood Institute, Hollywood Private Hospital, Monash Avenue, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Rakesh N Veedu
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Discovery Way, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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Berger T, Eisenkraft A, Bar-Haim E, Kassirer M, Aran AA, Fogel I. Toxins as biological weapons for terror-characteristics, challenges and medical countermeasures: a mini-review. DISASTER AND MILITARY MEDICINE 2016; 2:7. [PMID: 28265441 PMCID: PMC5330008 DOI: 10.1186/s40696-016-0017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Toxins are hazardous biochemical compounds derived from bacteria, fungi, or plants. Some have mechanisms of action and physical properties that make them amenable for use as potential warfare agents. Currently, some toxins are classified as potential biological weapons, although they have several differences from classic living bio-terror pathogens and some similarities to manmade chemical warfare agents. This review focuses on category A and B bio-terror toxins recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Botulinum neurotoxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin, and ricin. Their derivation, pathogenesis, mechanism of action, associated clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed in detail. Given their expected covert use, the primary diagnostic challenge in toxin exposure is the early detection of morbidity clusters, apart from background morbidity, after a relatively short incubation period. For this reason, it is important that clinicians be familiar with the clinical manifestations of toxins and the appropriate methods of management and countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Berger
- Surgeon General Headquarters, IDF Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel ; Department of Internal Medicine, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Arik Eisenkraft
- Surgeon General Headquarters, IDF Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel ; Institute for Research in Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel ; NBC Protection Division, IMOD, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Erez Bar-Haim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Michael Kassirer
- Surgeon General Headquarters, IDF Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Adi Avniel Aran
- Surgeon General Headquarters, IDF Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel ; Pediatric Critical Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Itay Fogel
- Surgeon General Headquarters, IDF Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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