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Sofia de Olazarra A, Chen FE, Wang TH, Wang SX. Rapid, Point-of-Care Host-Based Gene Expression Diagnostics Using Giant Magnetoresistive Biosensors. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2780-2790. [PMID: 37368357 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Host-based gene expression analysis is a promising tool for a broad range of clinical applications, including rapid infectious disease diagnostics and real-time disease monitoring. However, the complex instrumentation requirements and slow turnaround-times associated with traditional gene expression analysis methods have hampered their widespread adoption at the point-of-care (POC). To overcome these challenges, we have developed an automated and portable platform that utilizes polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensors to perform rapid multiplexed, targeted gene expression analysis at the POC. As proof-of-concept, we utilized our platform to amplify and measure the expression of four genes (HERC5, HERC6, IFI27, and IFIH1) that were previously shown to be upregulated in hosts infected with influenza viruses. The compact instrument conducted highly automated PCR amplification and GMR detection to measure the expression of the four genes in multiplex, then utilized Bluetooth communication to relay results to users on a smartphone application. To validate the platform, we tested 20 cDNA samples from symptomatic patients that had been previously diagnosed as either influenza-positive or influenza-negative using a RT-PCR virology panel. A non-parametric Mann-Whitney test revealed that day 0 (day of symptom onset) gene expression was significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.0001, n = 20). Hence, we preliminarily demonstrated that our platform could accurately discriminate between symptomatic influenza and non-influenza populations based on host gene expression in ∼30 min. This study not only establishes the potential clinical utility of our proposed assay and device for influenza diagnostics but it also paves the way for broadscale and decentralized implementation of host-based gene expression diagnostics at the POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia de Olazarra
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94035, United States
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Shan X Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94035, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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de Olazarra AS, Cortade DL, Wang SX. From saliva to SNP: non-invasive, point-of-care genotyping for precision medicine applications using recombinase polymerase amplification and giant magnetoresistive nanosensors. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2131-2144. [PMID: 35537344 PMCID: PMC9156572 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00233g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic testing is considered a cornerstone of the precision medicine paradigm. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been shown to provide insights into several important issues, including therapy selection and drug responsiveness. However, a scarcity of widely deployable and cost-effective genotyping tools has limited the integration of precision medicine into routine clinical practice. The objective of our work was to develop a portable, cost-effective, and automated platform that performs SNP genotyping at the point-of-care (POC). Using recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and giant magnetoresistive (GMR) nanosensors, we present a highly automated and multiplexed point-of-care platform that utilizes direct saliva for the qualitative genotyping of four SNPs (rs4633, rs4680, rs4818, rs6269) along the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT), which is associated with the modulation of pain sensitivity and perioperative opioid use. Using this approach, we successfully amplify, detect, and genotype all four of the SNPs, demonstrating 100% accordance between the experimental results obtained using the automated RPA and GMR genotyping assay and the results obtained using a COMT PCR genotyping assay that was formerly validated using pyrosequencing. This automated, portable, and multiplexed RPA and GMR assay shows great promise as a solution for SNP genotyping at the POC and reinforces the broad applications of magnetic nanotechnology in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana Lee Cortade
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shan X Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Kolhatkar A, Chen YT, Chinwangso P, Nekrashevich I, Dannangoda GC, Singh A, Jamison AC, Zenasni O, Rusakova IA, Martirosyan KS, Litvinov D, Xu S, Willson RC, Lee TR. Magnetic Sensing Potential of Fe 3O 4 Nanocubes Exceeds That of Fe 3O 4 Nanospheres. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8010-8019. [PMID: 29214234 PMCID: PMC5709776 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper highlights the relation between the shape of iron oxide (Fe3O4) particles and their magnetic sensing ability. We synthesized Fe3O4 nanocubes and nanospheres having tunable sizes via solvothermal and thermal decomposition synthesis reactions, respectively, to obtain samples in which the volumes and body diagonals/diameters were equivalent. Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) data showed that the saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity of 100-225 nm cubic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were, respectively, 1.4-3.0 and 1.1-8.4 times those of spherical MNPs on a same-volume and same-body diagonal/diameter basis. The Curie temperature for the cubic Fe3O4 MNPs for each size was also higher than that of the corresponding spherical MNPs; furthermore, the cubic Fe3O4 MNPs were more crystalline than the corresponding spherical MNPs. For applications relying on both higher contact area and enhanced magnetic properties, higher-Ms Fe3O4 nanocubes offer distinct advantages over Fe3O4 nanospheres of the same-volume or same-body diagonal/diameter. We evaluated the sensing potential of our synthesized MNPs using giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensing and force-induced remnant magnetization spectroscopy (FIRMS). Preliminary data obtained by GMR sensing confirmed that the nanocubes exhibited a distinct sensitivity advantage over the nanospheres. Similarly, FIRMS data showed that when subjected to the same force at the same initial concentration, a greater number of nanocubes remained bound to the sensor surface because of higher surface contact area. Because greater binding and higher Ms translate to stronger signal and better analytical sensitivity, nanocubes are an attractive alternative to nanospheres in sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati
G. Kolhatkar
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Pawilai Chinwangso
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Ivan Nekrashevich
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Gamage C. Dannangoda
- Department
of Physics, University of Texas Rio Grande
Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
| | - Ankit Singh
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Andrew C. Jamison
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Oussama Zenasni
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Irene A. Rusakova
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Karen S. Martirosyan
- Department
of Physics, University of Texas Rio Grande
Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
- E-mail: (K.S.M.)
| | - Dmitri Litvinov
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
- E-mail: (D.L.)
| | - Shoujun Xu
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
- E-mail: (S.X.)
| | - Richard C. Willson
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
- E-mail: (R.C.W)
| | - T. Randall Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
- E-mail: (T.R.L.)
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Kolhatkar AG, Dannongoda C, Kourentzi K, Jamison AC, Nekrashevich I, Kar A, Cacao E, Strych U, Rusakova I, Martirosyan KS, Litvinov D, Lee TR, Willson RC. Enzymatic synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7535-50. [PMID: 25854425 PMCID: PMC4425032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first in vitro enzymatic synthesis of paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic nanoparticles toward magnetic ELISA reporting. With our procedure, alkaline phosphatase catalyzes the dephosphorylation of l-ascorbic-2-phosphate, which then serves as a reducing agent for salts of iron, gadolinium, and holmium, forming magnetic precipitates of Fe45±14Gd5±2O50±15 and Fe42±4Ho6±4O52±5. The nanoparticles were found to be paramagnetic at 300 K and antiferromagnetic under 25 K. Although weakly magnetic at 300 K, the room-temperature magnetization of the nanoparticles found here is considerably greater than that of analogous chemically-synthesized LnxFeyOz (Ln = Gd, Ho) samples reported previously. At 5 K, the nanoparticles showed a significantly higher saturation magnetization of 45 and 30 emu/g for Fe45±14Gd5±2O50±15 and Fe42±4Ho6±4O52±5, respectively. Our approach of enzymatically synthesizing magnetic labels reduces the cost and avoids diffusional mass-transfer limitations associated with pre-synthesized magnetic reporter particles, while retaining the advantages of magnetic sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati G Kolhatkar
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Chamath Dannongoda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at Brownsville, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
| | - Katerina Kourentzi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Andrew C Jamison
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Ivan Nekrashevich
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Archana Kar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Eliedonna Cacao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Irene Rusakova
- Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Karen S Martirosyan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at Brownsville, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
| | - Dmitri Litvinov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - T Randall Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Richard C Willson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Departamento de Biotecnología e Ingeniería de Alimentos, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico.
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