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Mathew J, Tian X, Wong CW, Ho S, Milton DK, Wu M. Remote Blood Oxygen Estimation From Videos Using Neural Networks. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2023; 27:3710-3720. [PMID: 37018728 PMCID: PMC10472532 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2023.3236631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO 2) is an essential indicator of respiratory functionality and received increasing attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical findings show that COVID-19 patients can have significantly low SpO 2 before any obvious symptoms. Measuring an individual's SpO 2 without having to come into contact with the person can lower the risk of cross contamination and blood circulation problems. The prevalence of smartphones has motivated researchers to investigate methods for monitoring SpO 2 using smartphone cameras. Most prior schemes involving smartphones are contact-based: They require using a fingertip to cover the phone's camera and the nearby light source to capture reemitted light from the illuminated tissue. In this paper, we propose the first convolutional neural network based noncontact SpO 2 estimation scheme using smartphone cameras. The scheme analyzes the videos of an individual's hand for physiological sensing, which is convenient and comfortable for users and can protect their privacy and allow for keeping face masks on. We design explainable neural network architectures inspired by the optophysiological models for SpO 2 measurement and demonstrate the explainability by visualizing the weights for channel combination. Our proposed models outperform the state-of-the-art model that is designed for contact-based SpO 2 measurement, showing the potential of the proposed method to contribute to public health. We also analyze the impact of skin type and the side of a hand on SpO 2 estimation performance.
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Hu M, Wu X, Wang X, Xing Y, An N, Shi P. Contactless blood oxygen estimation from face videos: A multi-model fusion method based on deep learning. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023; 81:104487. [PMID: 36530216 PMCID: PMC9735266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.104487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Blood Oxygen ( SpO 2 ), a key indicator of respiratory function, has received increasing attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical results show that patients with COVID-19 likely have distinct lower SpO 2 before the onset of significant symptoms. Aiming at the shortcomings of current methods for monitoring SpO 2 by face videos, this paper proposes a novel multi-model fusion method based on deep learning for SpO 2 estimation. The method includes the feature extraction network named Residuals and Coordinate Attention (RCA) and the multi-model fusion SpO 2 estimation module. The RCA network uses the residual block cascade and coordinate attention mechanism to focus on the correlation between feature channels and the location information of feature space. The multi-model fusion module includes the Color Channel Model (CCM) and the Network-Based Model(NBM). To fully use the color feature information in face videos, an image generator is constructed in the CCM to calculate SpO 2 by reconstructing the red and blue channel signals. Besides, to reduce the disturbance of other physiological signals, a novel two-part loss function is designed in the NBM. Given the complementarity of the features and models that CCM and NBM focus on, a Multi-Model Fusion Model(MMFM) is constructed. The experimental results on the PURE and VIPL-HR datasets show that three models meet the clinical requirement(the mean absolute error ⩽ 2%) and demonstrate that the multi-model fusion can fully exploit the SpO 2 features of face videos and improve the SpO 2 estimation performance. Our research achievements will facilitate applications in remote medicine and home health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with Big Data, Ministry of Education,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machine, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with Big Data, Ministry of Education,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machine, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with Big Data, Ministry of Education,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machine, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yan Xing
- School of Mathematics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Ning An
- Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with Big Data, Ministry of Education,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machine, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
- National Smart Eldercare International S&T Cooperation Base, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Piao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with Big Data, Ministry of Education,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machine, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
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