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Determination of the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the structure of graphene produced by electrochemical method. J Solid State Electrochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-023-05439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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2
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Popov I, Bügel P, Kozlowska M, Fink K, Studt F, Sharapa DI. Analytical Model of CVD Growth of Graphene on Cu(111) Surface. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12172963. [PMID: 36080001 PMCID: PMC9457873 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although the CVD synthesis of graphene on Cu(111) is an industrial process of outstanding importance, its theoretical description and modeling are hampered by its multiscale nature and the large number of elementary reactions involved. In this work, we propose an analytical model of graphene nucleation and growth on Cu(111) surfaces based on the combination of kinetic nucleation theory and the DFT simulations of elementary steps. In the framework of the proposed model, the mechanism of graphene nucleation is analyzed with particular emphasis on the roles played by the two main feeding species, C and C2. Our analysis reveals unexpected patterns of graphene growth, not typical for classical nucleation theories. In addition, we show that the proposed theory allows for the reproduction of the experimentally observed characteristics of polycrystalline graphene samples in the most computationally efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Popov
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Patrick Bügel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mariana Kozlowska
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Karin Fink
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dmitry I. Sharapa
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Hong N, Kireev D, Zhao Q, Chen D, Akinwande D, Li W. Roll-to-Roll Dry Transfer of Large-Scale Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106615. [PMID: 34751484 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for graphene applications is the lack of mass production technology for large-scale and high-quality graphene growth and transfer. Here, a roll-to-roll (R2R) dry transfer process for large-scale graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition is reported. The process is fast, controllable, and environmentally benign. It avoids chemical contamination and allows the reuse of graphene growth substrates. By controlling tension and speed of the R2R dry transfer process, the electrical sheet resistance is achieved as 9.5 kΩ sq-1 , the lowest ever reported among R2R dry transferred graphene samples. The R2R dry transferred samples are used to fabricate graphene-based field-effect transistors (GFETs) on polymer. It is demonstrated that these flexible GFETs feature a near-zero doping level and a gate leakage current one to two orders of magnitude lower than those fabricated using wet-chemical etched graphene samples. The scalability and uniformity of the R2R dry transferred graphene is further demonstrated by successfully transferring a 3 × 3 in2 sample and measuring its field-effect mobility with 36 millimeter-scaled GFETs evenly spaced on the sample. The field-effect mobility of the R2R dry transferred graphene is determined to be 205 ± 36 cm2 V-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hong
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Qishen Zhao
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Deji Akinwande
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Yan Q, Ketelboeter T, Cai Z. A Study of the Key Factors on Production of Graphene Materials from Fe-Lignin Nanocomposites through a Molecular Cracking and Welding (MCW) Method. Molecules 2021; 27:154. [PMID: 35011386 PMCID: PMC8746869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, few-layer graphene materials were produced from Fe-lignin nanocomposites through a molecular cracking and welding (MCW) method. MCW process is a low-cost, scalable technique to fabricate few-layer graphene materials. It involves preparing metal (M)-lignin nanocomposites from kraft lignin and a transition metal catalyst, pretreating the M-lignin composites, and forming of the graphene-encapsulated metal structures by catalytic graphitization the M-lignin composites. Then, these graphene-encapsulated metal structures are opened by the molecule cracking reagents. The graphene shells are peeled off the metal core and simultaneously welded and reconstructed to graphene materials under a selected welding reagent. The critical parameters, including heating temperature, heating time, and particle sizes of the Fe-lignin composites, have been explored to understand the graphene formation mechanism and to obtain the optimized process parameters to improve the yield and selectivity of graphene materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangu Yan
- Ligwood LLC, Madison, WI 53705-2828, USA;
| | | | - Zhiyong Cai
- Forest Products Lab, USDA Forest Service, Madison, WI 53726-2398, USA;
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Fabrication and Characterization of Graphene Oxide-Coated Plate for Efficient Culture of Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:775-785. [PMID: 34491556 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For stem cell applications in regenerative medicine, it is very important to produce high-quality stem cells in large quantities in a short time period. Recently, many studies have shown big potential of graphene oxide as a biocompatible substance to enhance cell growth. We investigated if graphene oxide-coated culture plate can promote production efficiency of stem cells. METHODS Three types of graphene oxide were used for this study. They are highly concentrated graphene oxide solution, single-layer graphene oxide solution, and ultra-highly concentrated single-layer graphene oxide solution with different single-layer ratios, and coated on cell culture plates using a spray coating method. Physiochemical and biological properties of graphene oxide-coated surface were analyzed by atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), cell counting kit, a live/dead assay kit, and confocal imaging. RESULTS Graphene oxide was evenly coated on cell culture plates with a roughness of 6.4 ~ 38.2 nm, as measured by SEM and AFM. Young's Modulus value was up to 115.1 GPa, confirming that graphene oxide was strongly glued to the surface. The ex vivo stem cell expansion efficiency was enhanced as bone marrow-derived stem cell doubling time on the graphene oxide decreased compared to the control (no graphene oxide coating), from 64 to 58 h, and the growth rate increased up to 145%. We also observed faster attachment and higher affinity of stem cells to the graphene oxide compared to control by confocal microscope. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that graphene oxide dramatically enhanced the ex vivo expansion efficiency of stem cells. Spray coating enabled an ultra-thin coating of graphene oxide on cell culture plates. The results supported that utilization of graphene oxide on culture plates can be a promising mean for mass production of stem cells for commercial applications.
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Yan Z, Joshi R, You Y, Poduval G, Stride JA. Seeded Growth of Ultrathin Carbon Films Directly onto Silicon Substrates. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8829-8836. [PMID: 33842754 PMCID: PMC8028011 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The production of graphene films is of importance for the large-scale application of graphene-based materials; however, there is still a lack of an efficient and effective approach to synthesize graphene films directly on dielectric substrates. Here, we report the controlled growth of ultrathin carbon films, which have a similar structure to graphene, directly on silicon substrates in a process of seeded chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Crystalline silicon with a thermally grown 300 nm oxide layer was first treated with 3-trimethoxysilyl-1-propanamine (APS), which was used as an anchor point for the covalent deposition of small graphene flakes, obtained from graphite using the Hummers' method. Surface coverage of these flakes on the silicon substrate was estimated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to be around only 0.01% of the total area. By treating the covalently deposited graphene as seeds for CVD growth, the coverage was increased to >40% when using ethanol as the carbon source. Examination of the carbon thin films with SEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy indicated that they consist of domains of coherent, single-layer graphene produced by the coalescence of the expanding graphene islands. This approach potentially lends itself to the production of high-quality graphene films that may be suitable for device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichen Yan
- School
of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rakesh Joshi
- School
of School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yi You
- School
of School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Geedhika Poduval
- School
of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - John A. Stride
- School
of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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H H, Mallajosyula SS. Polarization influences the evolution of nucleobase-graphene interactions. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4060-4072. [PMID: 33595570 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08796c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, graphene has attracted attention from researchers as an atomistically thin solid state material for the study on the self-assembly of nucleobases. Non-covalent interactions between nucleobases and graphene sheets play a fundamental role in understanding the self-assembly of nucleobases on the graphene sheet. A fundamental understanding of the effect of molecular polarizability on these non-covalent interactions between the nucleobases and the underlying graphene sheet is absent in the literature. In this paper, we present the results from polarizable molecular dynamics simulation studies to understand the effect of polarization on the strength of non-covalent interactions. To this end, we report the development of Drude parameters for describing the polarizable graphene sheet. The developed parameters were used to study the self-aggregation phenomenon of nucleobases on a graphene support. We observe a significant change in the interaction patterns upon the inclusion of polarization into the system, with polarizable simulations yielding results that closely resemble the experimental studies. Two of the key observations were the probability of the formation of stacks in guanine-rich systems, and the spontaneous formation of H-bonded structures over the graphene sheet, which allude to the importance of the DNA sequence and composition. Both these effects were not observed in the additive simulations. The present study sheds light on the effect of polarization on the adsorption of DNA nucleobases on a graphene sheet, but the methodology can be extended to include a variety of small molecules and complete DNA strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth H
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India-382355.
| | - Sairam S Mallajosyula
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India-382355.
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Fan Q, Wang L, Xu D, Duo Y, Gao J, Zhang L, Wang X, Chen X, Li J, Zhang H. Solution-gated transistors of two-dimensional materials for chemical and biological sensors: status and challenges. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:11364-11394. [PMID: 32428057 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been the focus of materials research for many years due to their unique fascinating properties and large specific surface area (SSA). They are very sensitive to the analytes (ions, glucose, DNA, protein, etc.), resulting in their wide-spread development in the field of sensing. New 2D materials, as the basis of applications, are constantly being fabricated and comprehensively studied. In a variety of sensing applications, the solution-gated transistor (SGT) is a promising biochemical sensing platform because it can work at low voltage in different electrolytes, which is ideal for monitoring body fluids in wearable electronics, e-skin, or implantable devices. However, there are still some key challenges, such as device stability and reproducibility, that must be faced in order to pave the way for the development of cost-effective, flexible, and transparent SGTs with 2D materials. In this review, the device preparation, device physics, and the latest application prospects of 2D materials-based SGTs are systematically presented. Besides, a bold perspective is also provided for the future development of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Lude Wang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Duo Xu
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Yanhong Duo
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Jinhua Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
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Conductive carbon nanosheets prepared from brominated polystyrene through ion beam irradiation and carbonization. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Karmakar A, Mallick T, Das S, Begum NA. Naturally occurring green multifunctional agents: Exploration of their roles in the world of graphene and related systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoso.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Li Z, Du B, Han C, Xu H. Trap Modulated Charge Carrier Transport in Polyethylene/Graphene Nanocomposites. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4015. [PMID: 28638056 PMCID: PMC5479780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of trap characteristics in modulating charge transport properties is attracting much attentions in electrical and electronic engineering, which has an important effect on the electrical properties of dielectrics. This paper focuses on the electrical properties of Low-density Polyethylene (LDPE)/graphene nanocomposites (NCs), as well as the corresponding trap level characteristics. The dc conductivity, breakdown strength and space charge behaviors of NCs with the filler content of 0 wt%, 0.005 wt%, 0.01 wt%, 0.1 wt% and 0.5 wt% are studied, and their trap level distributions are characterized by isothermal discharge current (IDC) tests. The experimental results show that the 0.005 wt% LDPE/graphene NCs have a lower dc conductivity, a higher breakdown strength and a much smaller amount of space charge accumulation than the neat LDPE. It is indicated that the graphene addition with a filler content of 0.005 wt% introduces large quantities of deep carrier traps that reduce charge carrier mobility and result in the homocharge accumulation near the electrodes. The deep trap modulated charge carrier transport attributes to reduce the dc conductivity, suppress the injection of space charges into polymer bulks and enhance the breakdown strength, which is of great significance in improving electrical properties of polymer dielectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglei Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Education Ministry, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Boxue Du
- Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Education Ministry, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Chenlei Han
- Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Education Ministry, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Education Ministry, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Molle A, Goldberger J, Houssa M, Xu Y, Zhang SC, Akinwande D. Buckled two-dimensional Xene sheets. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:163-169. [PMID: 28092688 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Silicene, germanene and stanene are part of a monoelemental class of two-dimensional (2D) crystals termed 2D-Xenes (X = Si, Ge, Sn and so on) which, together with their ligand-functionalized derivatives referred to as Xanes, are comprised of group IVA atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice - similar to graphene but with varying degrees of buckling. Their electronic structure ranges from trivial insulators, to semiconductors with tunable gaps, to semi-metallic, depending on the substrate, chemical functionalization and strain. More than a dozen different topological insulator states are predicted to emerge, including the quantum spin Hall state at room temperature, which, if realized, would enable new classes of nanoelectronic and spintronic devices, such as the topological field-effect transistor. The electronic structure can be tuned, for example, by changing the group IVA element, the degree of spin-orbit coupling, the functionalization chemistry or the substrate, making the 2D-Xene systems promising multifunctional 2D materials for nanotechnology. This Perspective highlights the current state of the art and future opportunities in the manipulation and stability of these materials, their functions and applications, and novel device concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Molle
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR, via C. Olivetti 2, Agrate Brianza I-20864, Italy
| | - Joshua Goldberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Michel Houssa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100084, China
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shou-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physics, McCullough Building, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4045, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Deji Akinwande
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78758, USA
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Akhavan O. Graphene scaffolds in progressive nanotechnology/stem cell-based tissue engineering of the nervous system. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3169-3190. [PMID: 32263253 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00152a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although graphene/stem cell-based tissue engineering has recently emerged and has promisingly and progressively been utilized for developing one of the most effective regenerative nanomedicines, it suffers from low differentiation efficiency, low hybridization after transplantation and lack of appropriate scaffolds required in implantations without any degrading in functionality of the cells. In fact, recent studies have demonstrated that the unique properties of graphene can successfully resolve all of these challenges. Among various stem cells, neural stem cells (NSCs) and their neural differentiation on graphene have attracted a lot of interest, because graphene-based neuronal tissue engineering can promisingly realize the regenerative therapy of various incurable neurological diseases/disorders and the fabrication of neuronal networks. Hence, in this review, we further focused on the potential bioapplications of graphene-based nanomaterials for the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. Then, various stimulation techniques (including electrical, pulsed laser, flash photo, near infrared (NIR), chemical and morphological stimuli) which have recently been implemented in graphene-based stem cell differentiations were reviewed. The possibility of degradation of graphene scaffolds (NIR-assisted photodegradation of three-dimensional graphene nanomesh scaffolds) was also discussed based on the latest achievements. The biocompatibility of graphene scaffolds and their probable toxicities (especially after the disintegration of graphene scaffolds and distribution of its platelets in the body), which is still an important challenge, were reviewed and discussed. Finally, the initial recent efforts for fabrication of neuronal networks on graphene materials were presented. Since there has been no in vivo application of graphene in neuronal regenerative medicine, we hope that this review can excite further and concentrated investigations on in vivo (and even in vitro) neural proliferation, stimulation and differentiation of stem cells on biocompatible graphene scaffolds having the potential of degradability for the generation of implantable neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Akhavan
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran.
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