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Žurauskienė N, Rudokas V, Tolvaišienė S. Magnetoresistance and Magnetic Relaxation of La-Sr-Mn-O Films Grown on Si/SiO 2 Substrate by Pulsed Injection MOCVD. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5365. [PMID: 37420532 DOI: 10.3390/s23125365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The results of magnetoresistance (MR) and resistance relaxation of nanostructured La1-xSrxMnyO3 (LSMO) films with different film thicknesses (60-480 nm) grown on Si/SiO2 substrate by the pulsed-injection MOCVD technique are presented and compared with the reference manganite LSMO/Al2O3 films of the same thickness. The MR was investigated in permanent (up to 0.7 T) and pulsed (up to 10 T) magnetic fields in the temperature range of 80-300 K, and the resistance-relaxation processes were studied after the switch-off of the magnetic pulse with an amplitude of 10 T and a duration of 200 μs. It was found that the high-field MR values were comparable for all investigated films (~-40% at 10 T), whereas the memory effects differed depending on the film thickness and substrate used for the deposition. It was demonstrated that resistance relaxation to the initial state after removal of the magnetic field occurred in two time scales: fast' (~300 μs) and slow (longer than 10 ms). The observed fast relaxation process was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Avrami-Fatuzzo model, taking into account the reorientation of magnetic domains into their equilibrium state. The smallest remnant resistivity values were found for the LSMO films grown on SiO2/Si substrate in comparison to the LSMO/Al2O3 films. The testing of the LSMO/SiO2/Si-based magnetic sensors in an alternating magnetic field with a half-period of 22 μs demonstrated that these films could be used for the development of fast magnetic sensors operating at room temperature. For operation at cryogenic temperature, the LSMO/SiO2/Si films could be employed only for single-pulse measurements due to magnetic-memory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerija Žurauskienė
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vakaris Rudokas
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sonata Tolvaišienė
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Iyer V, Issadore DA, Aflatouni F. The next generation of hybrid microfluidic/integrated circuit chips: recent and upcoming advances in high-speed, high-throughput, and multifunctional lab-on-IC systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2553-2576. [PMID: 37114950 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01163h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Since the field's inception, pioneers in microfluidics have made significant progress towards realizing complete lab-on-chip systems capable of sophisticated sample analysis and processing. One avenue towards this goal has been to join forces with the related field of microelectronics, using integrated circuits (ICs) to perform on-chip actuation and sensing. While early demonstrations focused on using microfluidic-IC hybrid chips to miniaturize benchtop instruments, steady advancements in the field have enabled a new generation of devices that expand past miniaturization into high-performance applications that would not be possible without IC hybrid integration. In this review, we identify recent examples of labs-on-chip that use high-resolution, high-speed, and multifunctional electronic and photonic chips to expand the capabilities of conventional sample analysis. We focus on three particularly active areas: a) high-throughput integrated flow cytometers; b) large-scale microelectrode arrays for stimulation and multimodal sensing of cells over a wide field of view; c) high-speed biosensors for studying molecules with high temporal resolution. We also discuss recent advancements in IC technology, including on-chip data processing techniques and lens-free optics based on integrated photonics, that are poised to further advance microfluidic-IC hybrid chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasant Iyer
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - David A Issadore
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Firooz Aflatouni
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Žurauskienė N. Engineering of Advanced Materials for High Magnetic Field Sensing: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2939. [PMID: 36991646 PMCID: PMC10059877 DOI: 10.3390/s23062939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Advanced scientific and industrial equipment requires magnetic field sensors with decreased dimensions while keeping high sensitivity in a wide range of magnetic fields and temperatures. However, there is a lack of commercial sensors for measurements of high magnetic fields, from ∼1 T up to megagauss. Therefore, the search for advanced materials and the engineering of nanostructures exhibiting extraordinary properties or new phenomena for high magnetic field sensing applications is of great importance. The main focus of this review is the investigation of thin films, nanostructures and two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibiting non-saturating magnetoresistance up to high magnetic fields. Results of the review showed how tuning of the nanostructure and chemical composition of thin polycrystalline ferromagnetic oxide films (manganites) can result in a remarkable colossal magnetoresistance up to megagauss. Moreover, by introducing some structural disorder in different classes of materials, such as non-stoichiometric silver chalcogenides, narrow band gap semiconductors, and 2D materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, the possibility to increase the linear magnetoresistive response range up to very strong magnetic fields (50 T and more) and over a large range of temperatures was demonstrated. Approaches for the tailoring of the magnetoresistive properties of these materials and nanostructures for high magnetic field sensor applications were discussed and future perspectives were outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerija Žurauskienė
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Fan H, Wang J, Feng Q, Hu Q, Zuo S, Nabaei V, Heidari H. Detection techniques of biological and chemical Hall sensors. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7257-7270. [PMID: 35423263 PMCID: PMC8695063 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated magnetic Hall effect sensors have been widely used in people's daily life over the past decades, and still are gaining enormous attention from researchers to establish novel applications, especially in biochemistry and biomedical healthcare. This paper reviews, classifies, compares and concludes state-of-the-art integrated Hall magnetic sensors in terms of cost, power, area, performance and application. Current applications of the Hall sensors such as detecting magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) labeled on biomolecule, monitoring blood pulse wave velocity, characterizing soft biological materials, controlling syringe injection rate and eye surgery by training systems, and assisting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will be discussed comprehensively and future applications and trends will be highlighted. This review paper will introduce Hall sensor's advantages such as simple design and technology of manufacturing, low cost, low power consumption, possibility of the miniaturizing, noninvasive and room temperature measurement, with respect to the other magnetic sensing systems and methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
| | - Jiangming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
| | | | | | - Siming Zuo
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Vahid Nabaei
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Hadi Heidari
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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Sha R, Badhulika S. Recent advancements in fabrication of nanomaterial based biosensors for diagnosis of ovarian cancer: a comprehensive review. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:181. [PMID: 32076837 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-4152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is commonly diagnosed via determination of biomarkers like CA125, Mucin 1, HE4, and prostasin that can be present in the blood. However, there is a substantial need for less expensive, simpler, and portable diagnostic tools, both for timely diagnosis and management of ovarian cancer. This review (with 101 refs.) discusses various kinds of nanomaterial-based biosensors for tumor markers. Following an introduction into the field, a first section covers different kinds of biomarkers for ovarian cancer including CA125 (MUC16), mucin 1 (MUC1), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), and prostasin. This is followed by a short overview on conventional diagnostic approaches. A large section is then presented on biosensors for determination of ovarian cancer, with subsections on optical biosensors (fluorimetric, colorimetric, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence), on electrochemical sensors, molecularly imprinted sensors, paper-based biosensors, microfluidic (lab-on-a-chip) assays, chemiresistive and field effect transistor-based sensors, and giant magnetoresistive sensors. Tables are presented that give an overview on the wealth of methods and materials. A concluding section summarizes the current status, addresses current challenges, and gives an outlook on potential future trends. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the review covering the advancements in the fabrication of various nanomaterial based biosensors for diagnosis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinky Sha
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, 502285, India
| | - Sushmee Badhulika
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, 502285, India.
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Zhou X, Sveiven M, Hall DA. A CMOS Magnetoresistive Sensor Front-End With Mismatch-Tolerance and Sub-ppm Sensitivity for Magnetic Immunoassays. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2019; 13:1254-1263. [PMID: 31670677 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2949725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic biosensing is an emerging technique for ultra-sensitive point-of-care (PoC) biomolecular detection. However, the large baseline-to-signal ratio and sensor-to-sensor mismatch in magnetoresistive (MR) biosensors severely complicates the design of the analog front-end (AFE) due to the high dynamic range (DR) required. The proposed AFE addresses these issues through new architectural and circuit level techniques including fast settling duty-cycle resistors (DCRs) to reduce readout time and a high frequency interference rejection (HFIR) sampling technique embedded in the ADC to relax the DR requirement. The AFE achieves an input-referred noise of 46.4 nT/√Hz, an input-referred baseline of less than 0.235 mT, and a readout time of 11 ms while consuming just 1.39 mW. Implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS process, this work has state-of-the-art performance with 22.7× faster readout time, >7.8× lower baseline, and 2.3× lower power than previously reported MR sensor AFEs.
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Go with the flow: advances and trends in magnetic flow cytometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1839-1862. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kim K, Hall DA, Yao C, Lee JR, Ooi CC, Bechstein DJB, Guo Y, Wang SX. Magnetoresistive biosensors with on-chip pulsed excitation and magnetic correlated double sampling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16493. [PMID: 30405155 PMCID: PMC6220270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors have been shown to be among the most sensitive biosensors reported. While high-density and scalable sensor arrays are desirable for achieving multiplex detection, scalability remains challenging because of long data acquisition time using conventional readout methods. In this paper, we present a scalable magnetoresistive biosensor array with an on-chip magnetic field generator and a high-speed data acquisition method. The on-chip field generators enable magnetic correlated double sampling (MCDS) and global chopper stabilization to suppress 1/f noise and offset. A measurement with the proposed system takes only 20 ms, approximately 50× faster than conventional frequency domain analysis. A corresponding time domain temperature correction technique is also presented and shown to be able to remove temperature dependence from the measured signal without extra measurements or reference sensors. Measurements demonstrate detection of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) at a signal level as low as 6.92 ppm. The small form factor enables the proposed platform to be portable as well as having high sensitivity and rapid readout, desirable features for next generation diagnostic systems, especially in point-of-care (POC) settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunglok Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Drew A Hall
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Chengyang Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jung-Rok Lee
- Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chin C Ooi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Daniel J B Bechstein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Shan X Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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Klein T, Wang W, Yu L, Wu K, Boylan KLM, Vogel RI, Skubitz APN, Wang JP. Development of a multiplexed giant magnetoresistive biosensor array prototype to quantify ovarian cancer biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 126:301-307. [PMID: 30445305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we developed benchtop and handheld Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensing systems that serve as platforms for detecting a wide variety of protein biomarkers for human diseases. System development included spintronic and nanomagnetic materials, biomolecular chemistry, electronic circuitry, analog and digital signal processing, firmware programming, user interface programming on both PC and Android smartphone, communications over both USB and Bluetooth, and mechanical integration. In this work, we demonstrated the benchtop GMR biosensing system in the context of ovarian cancer assay development. The prototype system delivered the required performance in terms of high-sensitivity multiplex assays in a portable format with enough flexibility to serve as a platform for ovarian cancer and many other diseases. We achieved multiplex detection of cancer antigen 125 (CA125 II), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), and interleukin 6 (IL6), with limits of detection (LOD) as low as 3.7 U/mL, 7.4 pg/mL, and 7.4 pg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Klein
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lina Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kristin L M Boylan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rachel Isaksson Vogel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Amy P N Skubitz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Recent trends in the development of complementary metal oxide semiconductor image sensors to detect foodborne bacterial pathogens. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Nabaei V, Chandrawati R, Heidari H. Magnetic biosensors: Modelling and simulation. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 103:69-86. [PMID: 29278815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, magnetoelectronics has emerged as a promising new platform technology in various biosensors for detection, identification, localisation and manipulation of a wide spectrum of biological, physical and chemical agents. The methods are based on the exposure of the magnetic field of a magnetically labelled biomolecule interacting with a complementary biomolecule bound to a magnetic field sensor. This Review presents various schemes of magnetic biosensor techniques from both simulation and modelling as well as analytical and numerical analysis points of view, and the performance variations under magnetic fields at steady and nonstationary states. This is followed by magnetic sensors modelling and simulations using advanced Multiphysics modelling software (e.g. Finite Element Method (FEM) etc.) and home-made developed tools. Furthermore, outlook and future directions of modelling and simulations of magnetic biosensors in different technologies and materials are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Nabaei
- Microelectronics Lab, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rona Chandrawati
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hadi Heidari
- Microelectronics Lab, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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