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Liu J, Xiao H, Fan J, Hu W, Yang Y, Dong P, Xing L, Cai J. An overview of artificial intelligence in medical physics and radiation oncology. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CENTER 2023; 3:211-221. [PMID: 39035195 PMCID: PMC11256546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jncc.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is developing rapidly and has found widespread applications in medicine, especially radiotherapy. This paper provides a brief overview of AI applications in radiotherapy, and highlights the research directions of AI that can potentially make significant impacts and relevant ongoing research works in these directions. Challenging issues related to the clinical applications of AI, such as robustness and interpretability of AI models, are also discussed. The future research directions of AI in the field of medical physics and radiotherapy are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong University Li Ka Shing Medical School, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haonan Xiao
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiawei Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Weigang Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Peng Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Single-Cell or Subcellular Lipidomics: A Review of Recent Advancements and Future Development. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062712. [PMID: 36985684 PMCID: PMC10057629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) has emerged as a powerful imaging technique for the analysis of biological samples, providing valuable insights into the spatial distribution and structural characterization of lipids. The advancements in high-resolution MSI have made it an indispensable tool for single-cell or subcellular lipidomics. By preserving both intracellular and intercellular information, MSI enables a comprehensive analysis of lipidomics in individual cells and organelles. This enables researchers to delve deeper into the diversity of lipids within cells and to understand the role of lipids in shaping cell behavior. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements and future prospects of MSI for cellular/subcellular lipidomics. By keeping abreast of the cutting-edge studies in this field, we will continue to push the boundaries of the understanding of lipid metabolism and the impact of lipids on cellular behavior.
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3
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Devaraj S, Madian N, Suresh S. Mathematical approach for segmenting chromosome clusters in metaspread images. Exp Cell Res 2022; 418:113251. [PMID: 35691379 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Karyotyping is an examination that helps in detecting chromosomal abnormalities. Chromosome analysis is a very challenging task which requires various steps to obtain a karyotype. The challenges associated with chromosome analysis are overlapping and touching of chromosomes. The input considered for chromosome analysis is the metaspread G band chromosomes. The proposed work mainly focus on separation the overlapped and touching chromosomes which is considered to be the major challenge in karyotype. There are various research contribution in chromosome analysis in progress which includes both low (Machine Learning) and high level (Deep Learning) methods. This paper proposes a mathematical based approaches which is very effective in segmentation of clustered chromosomes. The accuracy of segmentation is robust compared to high level approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirmala Madian
- Department of BME, Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India.
| | - S Suresh
- Mediscan Systems, Chennai, India
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4
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Ding Z, Zhao Y, Zhang G, Zhong M, Guan X, Zhang Y. Application of visual mechanical signal detection and loading platform with super‐resolution based on deep learning. INT J INTELL SYST 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/int.22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Ding
- School of Information Engineering East China Jiaotong University Nanchang China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Information Engineering East China Jiaotong University Nanchang China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- School of Information Engineering East China Jiaotong University Nanchang China
| | - Meiling Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering East China Jiaotong University Nanchang China
| | - Xiaohui Guan
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Yuejin Zhang
- School of Information Engineering East China Jiaotong University Nanchang China
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5
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Liang H, Cheng Z, Zhong H, Qu A, Chen L. A region-based convolutional network for nuclei detection and segmentation in microscopy images. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Javed S, Mahmood A, Dias J, Werghi N, Rajpoot N. Spatially Constrained Context-Aware Hierarchical Deep Correlation Filters for Nucleus Detection in Histology Images. Med Image Anal 2021; 72:102104. [PMID: 34242872 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2021.102104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleus detection in histology images is a fundamental step for cellular-level analysis in computational pathology. In clinical practice, quantitative nuclear morphology can be used for diagnostic decision making, prognostic stratification, and treatment outcome prediction. Nucleus detection is a challenging task because of large variations in the shape of different types of nucleus such as nuclear clutter, heterogeneous chromatin distribution, and irregular and fuzzy boundaries. To address these challenges, we aim to accurately detect nuclei using spatially constrained context-aware correlation filters using hierarchical deep features extracted from multiple layers of a pre-trained network. During training, we extract contextual patches around each nucleus which are used as negative examples while the actual nucleus patch is used as a positive example. In order to spatially constrain the correlation filters, we propose to construct a spatial structural graph across different nucleus components encoding pairwise similarities. The correlation filters are constrained to act as eigenvectors of the Laplacian of the spatial graphs enforcing these to capture the nucleus structure. A novel objective function is proposed by embedding graph-based structural information as well as the contextual information within the discriminative correlation filter framework. The learned filters are constrained to be orthogonal to both the contextual patches and the spatial graph-Laplacian basis to improve the localization and discriminative performance. The proposed objective function trains a hierarchy of correlation filters on different deep feature layers to capture the heterogeneity in nuclear shape and texture. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on three publicly available datasets and compared with 15 current state-of-the-art methods demonstrating competitive performance in terms of accuracy, speed, and generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Javed
- Khalifa University Center for Autonomous Robotic Systems (KUCARS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Arif Mahmood
- Department of Computer Science, Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jorge Dias
- Khalifa University Center for Autonomous Robotic Systems (KUCARS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Naoufel Werghi
- Khalifa University Center for Autonomous Robotic Systems (KUCARS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE..
| | - Nasir Rajpoot
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.; Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Walsgrave, Coventry, CV2 2DX, U.K.; The Alan Turing Institute, London, NW1 2DB, U.K
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7
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Okinda C, Sun Y, Nyalala I, Korohou T, Opiyo S, Wang J, Shen M. Egg volume estimation based on image processing and computer vision. J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Seo H, Khuzani MB, Vasudevan V, Huang C, Ren H, Xiao R, Jia X, Xing L. Machine learning techniques for biomedical image segmentation: An overview of technical aspects and introduction to state-of-art applications. Med Phys 2020; 47:e148-e167. [PMID: 32418337 PMCID: PMC7338207 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been made in developing more accurate and efficient machine learning algorithms for segmentation of medical and natural images. In this review article, we highlight the imperative role of machine learning algorithms in enabling efficient and accurate segmentation in the field of medical imaging. We specifically focus on several key studies pertaining to the application of machine learning methods to biomedical image segmentation. We review classical machine learning algorithms such as Markov random fields, k-means clustering, random forest, etc. Although such classical learning models are often less accurate compared to the deep-learning techniques, they are often more sample efficient and have a less complex structure. We also review different deep-learning architectures, such as the artificial neural networks (ANNs), the convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and the recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and present the segmentation results attained by those learning models that were published in the past 3 yr. We highlight the successes and limitations of each machine learning paradigm. In addition, we discuss several challenges related to the training of different machine learning models, and we present some heuristics to address those challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseok Seo
- Medical Physics Division in the Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA
| | - Masoud Badiei Khuzani
- Medical Physics Division in the Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA
| | - Varun Vasudevan
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-4042, USA
| | - Charles Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-4245, USA
| | - Hongyi Ren
- Medical Physics Division in the Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA
| | - Ruoxiu Xiao
- Medical Physics Division in the Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA
| | - Xiao Jia
- Medical Physics Division in the Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA
| | - Lei Xing
- Medical Physics Division in the Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA
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Ren J, Hacihaliloglu I, Singer EA, Foran DJ, Qi X. Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Classification of Histopathology Whole-Slide Images. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:102. [PMID: 31158269 PMCID: PMC6529804 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational image analysis is one means for evaluating digitized histopathology specimens that can increase the reproducibility and reliability with which cancer diagnoses are rendered while simultaneously providing insight as to the underlying mechanisms of disease onset and progression. A major challenge that is confronted when analyzing samples that have been prepared at disparate laboratories and institutions is that the algorithms used to assess the digitized specimens often exhibit heterogeneous staining characteristics because of slight differences in incubation times and the protocols used to prepare the samples. Unfortunately, such variations can render a prediction model learned from one batch of specimens ineffective for characterizing an ensemble originating from another site. In this work, we propose to adopt unsupervised domain adaptation to effectively transfer the discriminative knowledge obtained from any given source domain to the target domain without requiring any additional labeling or annotation of images at the target site. In this paper, our team investigates the use of two approaches for performing the adaptation: (1) color normalization and (2) adversarial training. The adversarial training strategy is implemented through the use of convolutional neural networks to find an invariant feature space and Siamese architecture within the target domain to add a regularization that is appropriate for the entire set of whole-slide images. The adversarial adaptation results in significant classification improvement compared with the baseline models under a wide range of experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Ilker Hacihaliloglu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Eric A. Singer
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Informatics, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - David J. Foran
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Informatics, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Xin Qi
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Informatics, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Mbogba MK, Haider Z, Hossain SMC, Huang D, Memon K, Panhwar F, Lei Z, Zhao G. The application of convolution neural network based cell segmentation during cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2018; 85:95-104. [PMID: 30219374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
For most of the cells, water permeability and plasma membrane properties play a vital role in the optimal protocol for successful cryopreservation. Measuring the water permeability of cells during subzero temperature is essential. So far, there is no perfect segmentation technique to be used for the image processing task on subzero temperature accurately. The ice formation and variable background during freezing posed a significant challenge for most of the conventional segmentation algorithms. Thus, a robust and accurate segmentation approach that can accurately extract cells from extracellular ice that surrounding the cell boundary is needed. Therefore, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture similar to U-Net but differs from those conventionally used in computer vision to extract all the cell boundaries as they shrank in the engulfing ice. The images used was obtained from the cryo-stage microscope, and the data was validated using the Hausdorff distance, means ± standard deviation for different methods of segmentation result using the CNN model. The experimental results prove that the typical CNN model extracts cell borders contour from the background in its subzero state more coherent and effective as compared to other traditional segmentation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoh Karmah Mbogba
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zeeshan Haider
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - S M Chapal Hossain
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Daobin Huang
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kashan Memon
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Fazil Panhwar
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zeling Lei
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Hefei 230027, China.
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11
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Tey WK, Kuang YC, Ooi MPL, Khoo JJ. Automated quantification of renal interstitial fibrosis for computer-aided diagnosis: A comprehensive tissue structure segmentation method. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 155:109-120. [PMID: 29512490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interstitial fibrosis in renal biopsy samples is a scarring tissue structure that may be visually quantified by pathologists as an indicator to the presence and extent of chronic kidney disease. The standard method of quantification by visual evaluation presents reproducibility issues in the diagnoses. This study proposes an automated quantification system for measuring the amount of interstitial fibrosis in renal biopsy images as a consistent basis of comparison among pathologists. The system extracts and segments the renal tissue structures based on colour information and structural assumptions of the tissue structures. The regions in the biopsy representing the interstitial fibrosis are deduced through the elimination of non-interstitial fibrosis structures from the biopsy area and quantified as a percentage of the total area of the biopsy sample. A ground truth image dataset has been manually prepared by consulting an experienced pathologist for the validation of the segmentation algorithms. The results from experiments involving experienced pathologists have demonstrated a good correlation in quantification result between the automated system and the pathologists' visual evaluation. Experiments investigating the variability in pathologists also proved the automated quantification error rate to be on par with the average intra-observer variability in pathologists' quantification. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Interstitial fibrosis in renal biopsy samples is a scarring tissue structure that may be visually quantified by pathologists as an indicator to the presence and extent of chronic kidney disease. The standard method of quantification by visual evaluation presents reproducibility issues in the diagnoses due to the uncertainties in human judgement. METHODS An automated quantification system for accurately measuring the amount of interstitial fibrosis in renal biopsy images is presented as a consistent basis of comparison among pathologists. The system identifies the renal tissue structures through knowledge-based rules employing colour space transformations and structural features extraction from the images. In particular, the renal glomerulus identification is based on a multiscale textural feature analysis and a support vector machine. The regions in the biopsy representing interstitial fibrosis are deduced through the elimination of non-interstitial fibrosis structures from the biopsy area. The experiments conducted evaluate the system in terms of quantification accuracy, intra- and inter-observer variability in visual quantification by pathologists, and the effect introduced by the automated quantification system on the pathologists' diagnosis. RESULTS A 40-image ground truth dataset has been manually prepared by consulting an experienced pathologist for the validation of the segmentation algorithms. The results from experiments involving experienced pathologists have demonstrated an average error of 9 percentage points in quantification result between the automated system and the pathologists' visual evaluation. Experiments investigating the variability in pathologists involving samples from 70 kidney patients also proved the automated quantification error rate to be on par with the average intra-observer variability in pathologists' quantification. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of the proposed quantification system has been validated with the ground truth dataset and compared against the pathologists' quantification results. It has been shown that the correlation between different pathologists' estimation of interstitial fibrosis area has significantly improved, demonstrating the effectiveness of the quantification system as a diagnostic aide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Keat Tey
- Advanced Engineering Platform and Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Ye Chow Kuang
- Advanced Engineering Platform and Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Melanie Po-Leen Ooi
- Unitec Institute of Technology, 139 Carrington Road, Mount Albert, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Joon Joon Khoo
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
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12
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Statistical approach for selection of biologically informative genes. Gene 2018; 655:71-83. [PMID: 29458166 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Selection of informative genes from high dimensional gene expression data has emerged as an important research area in genomics. Many gene selection techniques have been proposed so far are either based on relevancy or redundancy measure. Further, the performance of these techniques has been adjudged through post selection classification accuracy computed through a classifier using the selected genes. This performance metric may be statistically sound but may not be biologically relevant. A statistical approach, i.e. Boot-MRMR, was proposed based on a composite measure of maximum relevance and minimum redundancy, which is both statistically sound and biologically relevant for informative gene selection. For comparative evaluation of the proposed approach, we developed two biological sufficient criteria, i.e. Gene Set Enrichment with QTL (GSEQ) and biological similarity score based on Gene Ontology (GO). Further, a systematic and rigorous evaluation of the proposed technique with 12 existing gene selection techniques was carried out using five gene expression datasets. This evaluation was based on a broad spectrum of statistically sound (e.g. subject classification) and biological relevant (based on QTL and GO) criteria under a multiple criteria decision-making framework. The performance analysis showed that the proposed technique selects informative genes which are more biologically relevant. The proposed technique is also found to be quite competitive with the existing techniques with respect to subject classification and computational time. Our results also showed that under the multiple criteria decision-making setup, the proposed technique is best for informative gene selection over the available alternatives. Based on the proposed approach, an R Package, i.e. BootMRMR has been developed and available at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/BootMRMR. This study will provide a practical guide to select statistical techniques for selecting informative genes from high dimensional expression data for breeding and system biology studies.
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Ahmad A, Asif A, Rajpoot N, Arif M, Minhas FUAA. Correlation Filters for Detection of Cellular Nuclei in Histopathology Images. J Med Syst 2017; 42:7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10916-017-0863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Futia GL, Schlaepfer IR, Qamar L, Behbakht K, Gibson EA. Statistical performance of image cytometry for DNA, lipids, cytokeratin, & CD45 in a model system for circulation tumor cell detection. Cytometry A 2017; 91:662-674. [PMID: 28608985 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in a blood sample is limited by the sensitivity and specificity of the biomarker panel used to identify CTCs over other blood cells. In this work, we present Bayesian theory that shows how test sensitivity and specificity set the rarity of cell that a test can detect. We perform our calculation of sensitivity and specificity on our image cytometry biomarker panel by testing on pure disease positive (D+ ) populations (MCF7 cells) and pure disease negative populations (D- ) (leukocytes). In this system, we performed multi-channel confocal fluorescence microscopy to image biomarkers of DNA, lipids, CD45, and Cytokeratin. Using custom software, we segmented our confocal images into regions of interest consisting of individual cells and computed the image metrics of total signal, second spatial moment, spatial frequency second moment, and the product of the spatial-spatial frequency moments. We present our analysis of these 16 features. The best performing of the 16 features produced an average separation of three standard deviations between D+ and D- and an average detectable rarity of ∼1 in 200. We performed multivariable regression and feature selection to combine multiple features for increased performance and showed an average separation of seven standard deviations between the D+ and D- populations making our average detectable rarity of ∼1 in 480. Histograms and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves for these features and regressions are presented. We conclude that simple regression analysis holds promise to further improve the separation of rare cells in cytometry applications. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Futia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver
- Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Isabel R Schlaepfer
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado
- Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Lubna Qamar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado
- Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Kian Behbakht
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado
- Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| | - Emily A Gibson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver
- Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
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Oscanoa J, Doimi F, Dyer R, Araujo J, Pinto J, Castaneda B. Automated segmentation and classification of cell nuclei in immunohistochemical breast cancer images with estrogen receptor marker. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2016:2399-2402. [PMID: 28268808 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women worldwide. In recent years, there has been an increasing use of immunohistochemistry (the process of detecting the expression of certain proteins in cytological images) to obtain useful information for diagnosis. This paper presents an efficient algorithm that automatically detects breast cancer cell nuclei and divides them into two groups: those that express the ER marker and those that do not. First, the areas that belong to the carcinoma are automatically identified. Then, the algorithm evaluates features such as size and shape to correctly segment the nuclei in these fields. Finally, the Fuzzy C-Means algorithm is used to classify the detected nuclei. The method proposed was evaluated with a set of 10 images which contained 4093 cell nuclei. The algorithm correctly identified 93.1% of the nuclei, and sensitivity and specificity of the classification were 95.7% and 93.2% respectively.
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Das S, Meher PK, Rai A, Bhar LM, Mandal BN. Statistical Approaches for Gene Selection, Hub Gene Identification and Module Interaction in Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis: An Application to Aluminum Stress in Soybean (Glycine max L.). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169605. [PMID: 28056073 PMCID: PMC5215982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of informative genes is an important problem in gene expression studies. The small sample size and the large number of genes in gene expression data make the selection process complex. Further, the selected informative genes may act as a vital input for gene co-expression network analysis. Moreover, the identification of hub genes and module interactions in gene co-expression networks is yet to be fully explored. This paper presents a statistically sound gene selection technique based on support vector machine algorithm for selecting informative genes from high dimensional gene expression data. Also, an attempt has been made to develop a statistical approach for identification of hub genes in the gene co-expression network. Besides, a differential hub gene analysis approach has also been developed to group the identified hub genes into various groups based on their gene connectivity in a case vs. control study. Based on this proposed approach, an R package, i.e., dhga (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dhga) has been developed. The comparative performance of the proposed gene selection technique as well as hub gene identification approach was evaluated on three different crop microarray datasets. The proposed gene selection technique outperformed most of the existing techniques for selecting robust set of informative genes. Based on the proposed hub gene identification approach, a few number of hub genes were identified as compared to the existing approach, which is in accordance with the principle of scale free property of real networks. In this study, some key genes along with their Arabidopsis orthologs has been reported, which can be used for Aluminum toxic stress response engineering in soybean. The functional analysis of various selected key genes revealed the underlying molecular mechanisms of Aluminum toxic stress response in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarendra Das
- Division of Statistical Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabina Kumar Meher
- Division of Statistical Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Rai
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Lal Mohan Bhar
- Division of Statistical Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Baidya Nath Mandal
- Division of Design of Experiments, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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17
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Van Valen DA, Kudo T, Lane KM, Macklin DN, Quach NT, DeFelice MM, Maayan I, Tanouchi Y, Ashley EA, Covert MW. Deep Learning Automates the Quantitative Analysis of Individual Cells in Live-Cell Imaging Experiments. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005177. [PMID: 27814364 PMCID: PMC5096676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Live-cell imaging has opened an exciting window into the role cellular heterogeneity plays in dynamic, living systems. A major critical challenge for this class of experiments is the problem of image segmentation, or determining which parts of a microscope image correspond to which individual cells. Current approaches require many hours of manual curation and depend on approaches that are difficult to share between labs. They are also unable to robustly segment the cytoplasms of mammalian cells. Here, we show that deep convolutional neural networks, a supervised machine learning method, can solve this challenge for multiple cell types across the domains of life. We demonstrate that this approach can robustly segment fluorescent images of cell nuclei as well as phase images of the cytoplasms of individual bacterial and mammalian cells from phase contrast images without the need for a fluorescent cytoplasmic marker. These networks also enable the simultaneous segmentation and identification of different mammalian cell types grown in co-culture. A quantitative comparison with prior methods demonstrates that convolutional neural networks have improved accuracy and lead to a significant reduction in curation time. We relay our experience in designing and optimizing deep convolutional neural networks for this task and outline several design rules that we found led to robust performance. We conclude that deep convolutional neural networks are an accurate method that require less curation time, are generalizable to a multiplicity of cell types, from bacteria to mammalian cells, and expand live-cell imaging capabilities to include multi-cell type systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Van Valen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Takamasa Kudo
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Keara M. Lane
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Derek N. Macklin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Nicolas T. Quach
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mialy M. DeFelice
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Inbal Maayan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Yu Tanouchi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Euan A. Ashley
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Markus W. Covert
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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18
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Su H, Xing F, Yang L. Robust Cell Detection of Histopathological Brain Tumor Images Using Sparse Reconstruction and Adaptive Dictionary Selection. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2016; 35:1575-1586. [PMID: 26812706 PMCID: PMC4922900 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2016.2520502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Successful diagnostic and prognostic stratification, treatment outcome prediction, and therapy planning depend on reproducible and accurate pathology analysis. Computer aided diagnosis (CAD) is a useful tool to help doctors make better decisions in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Accurate cell detection is often an essential prerequisite for subsequent cellular analysis. The major challenge of robust brain tumor nuclei/cell detection is to handle significant variations in cell appearance and to split touching cells. In this paper, we present an automatic cell detection framework using sparse reconstruction and adaptive dictionary learning. The main contributions of our method are: 1) A sparse reconstruction based approach to split touching cells; 2) An adaptive dictionary learning method used to handle cell appearance variations. The proposed method has been extensively tested on a data set with more than 2000 cells extracted from 32 whole slide scanned images. The automatic cell detection results are compared with the manually annotated ground truth and other state-of-the-art cell detection algorithms. The proposed method achieves the best cell detection accuracy with a F1 score = 0.96.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Su
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, FL 32611, USA
| | - Fuyong Xing
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, FL 32611, USA
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19
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Xing F, Xie Y, Yang L. An Automatic Learning-Based Framework for Robust Nucleus Segmentation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2016; 35:550-66. [PMID: 26415167 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2015.2481436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Computer-aided image analysis of histopathology specimens could potentially provide support for early detection and improved characterization of diseases such as brain tumor, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET), and breast cancer. Automated nucleus segmentation is a prerequisite for various quantitative analyses including automatic morphological feature computation. However, it remains to be a challenging problem due to the complex nature of histopathology images. In this paper, we propose a learning-based framework for robust and automatic nucleus segmentation with shape preservation. Given a nucleus image, it begins with a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model to generate a probability map, on which an iterative region merging approach is performed for shape initializations. Next, a novel segmentation algorithm is exploited to separate individual nuclei combining a robust selection-based sparse shape model and a local repulsive deformable model. One of the significant benefits of the proposed framework is that it is applicable to different staining histopathology images. Due to the feature learning characteristic of the deep CNN and the high level shape prior modeling, the proposed method is general enough to perform well across multiple scenarios. We have tested the proposed algorithm on three large-scale pathology image datasets using a range of different tissue and stain preparations, and the comparative experiments with recent state of the arts demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed approach.
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20
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Xing F, Yang L. Robust Nucleus/Cell Detection and Segmentation in Digital Pathology and Microscopy Images: A Comprehensive Review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 9:234-63. [PMID: 26742143 PMCID: PMC5233461 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2016.2515127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Digital pathology and microscopy image analysis is widely used for comprehensive studies of cell morphology or tissue structure. Manual assessment is labor intensive and prone to interobserver variations. Computer-aided methods, which can significantly improve the objectivity and reproducibility, have attracted a great deal of interest in recent literature. Among the pipeline of building a computer-aided diagnosis system, nucleus or cell detection and segmentation play a very important role to describe the molecular morphological information. In the past few decades, many efforts have been devoted to automated nucleus/cell detection and segmentation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the recent state-of-the-art nucleus/cell segmentation approaches on different types of microscopy images including bright-field, phase-contrast, differential interference contrast, fluorescence, and electron microscopies. In addition, we discuss the challenges for the current methods and the potential future work of nucleus/cell detection and segmentation.
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21
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Semisupervised Soft Mumford-Shah Model for MRI Brain Image Segmentation. APPLIED COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND SOFT COMPUTING 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/8508329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One challenge of unsupervised MRI brain image segmentation is the central gray matter due to the faint contrast with respect to the surrounding white matter. In this paper, the necessity of supervised image segmentation is addressed, and a soft Mumford-Shah model is introduced. Then, a framework of semisupervised image segmentation based on soft Mumford-Shah model is developed. The main contribution of this paper lies in the development a framework of a semisupervised soft image segmentation using both Bayesian principle and the principle of soft image segmentation. The developed framework classifies pixels using a semisupervised and interactive way, where the class of a pixel is not only determined by its features but also determined by its distance from those known regions. The developed semisupervised soft segmentation model turns out to be an extension of the unsupervised soft Mumford-Shah model. The framework is then applied to MRI brain image segmentation. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed framework outperforms the state-of-the-art methods of unsupervised segmentation. The new method can produce segmentation as precise as required.
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22
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Liao M, Zhao YQ, Li XH, Dai PS, Xu XW, Zhang JK, Zou BJ. Automatic segmentation for cell images based on bottleneck detection and ellipse fitting. Neurocomputing 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Zhang X, Xing F, Su H, Yang L, Zhang S. High-throughput histopathological image analysis via robust cell segmentation and hashing. Med Image Anal 2015; 26:306-15. [PMID: 26599156 PMCID: PMC4679540 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Computer-aided diagnosis of histopathological images usually requires to examine all cells for accurate diagnosis. Traditional computational methods may have efficiency issues when performing cell-level analysis. In this paper, we propose a robust and scalable solution to enable such analysis in a real-time fashion. Specifically, a robust segmentation method is developed to delineate cells accurately using Gaussian-based hierarchical voting and repulsive balloon model. A large-scale image retrieval approach is also designed to examine and classify each cell of a testing image by comparing it with a massive database, e.g., half-million cells extracted from the training dataset. We evaluate this proposed framework on a challenging and important clinical use case, i.e., differentiation of two types of lung cancers (the adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma), using thousands of lung microscopic tissue images extracted from hundreds of patients. Our method has achieved promising accuracy and running time by searching among half-million cells .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Fuyong Xing
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Hai Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Shaoting Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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24
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A two-layer structure prediction framework for microscopy cell detection. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2015; 41:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Radial-Based Cell Formation Algorithm for Separation of Overlapping Cells in Medical Microscopic Images. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2015.07.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Wu P, Yi J, Zhao G, Huang Z, Qiu B, Gao D. Active Contour-Based Cell Segmentation During Freezing and Its Application in Cryopreservation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 62:284-95. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2350011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Nosrati MS, Hamarneh G. Local optimization based segmentation of spatially-recurring, multi-region objects with part configuration constraints. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2014; 33:1845-1859. [PMID: 24835214 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2014.2323074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating prior knowledge into image segmentation algorithms has proven useful for obtaining more accurate and plausible results. Two important constraints, containment and exclusion of regions, have gained attention in recent years mainly due to their descriptive power. In this paper, we augment the level set framework with the ability to handle these two intuitive geometric relationships, containment and exclusion, along with a distance constraint between boundaries of multi-region objects. Level set's important property of automatically handling topological changes of evolving contours/surfaces enables us to segment spatially-recurring objects (e.g., multiple instances of multi-region cells in a large microscopy image) while satisfying the two aforementioned constraints. In addition, the level set approach gives us a very simple and natural way to compute the distance between contours/surfaces and impose constraints on it. The downside, however, is a local optimization framework in which the final segmentation solution depends on the initialization. In fact, here, we sacrifice the optimizability (local instead of global solution) in exchange for lower space complexity (less memory usage) and faster runtime (especially for large microscopic images) as well as no grid artifacts. Nevertheless, the result from validating our method on several biomedical applications showed the utility and advantages of this augmented level set framework (even with rough initialization that is distant from the desired boundaries). We also compared our framework with its counterpart methods in the discrete domain and reported the pros and cons of each of these methods in terms of metrication error and efficiency in memory usage and runtime.
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28
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Su H, Xing F, Lee JD, Peterson CA, Yang L. Automatic Myonuclear Detection in Isolated Single Muscle Fibers Using Robust Ellipse Fitting and Sparse Representation. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2014; 11:714-726. [PMID: 26356342 PMCID: PMC4669954 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2013.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and robust detection of myonuclei in isolated single muscle fibers is required to calculate myonuclear domain size. However, this task is challenging because: 1) shape and size variations of the nuclei, 2) overlapping nuclear clumps, and 3) multiple z-stack images with out-of-focus regions. In this paper, we have proposed a novel automatic detection algorithm to robustly quantify myonuclei in isolated single skeletal muscle fibers. The original z-stack images are first converted into one all-in-focus image using multi-focus image fusion. A sufficient number of ellipse fitting hypotheses are then generated from the myonuclei contour segments using heteroscedastic errors-in-variables (HEIV) regression. A set of representative training samples and a set of discriminative features are selected by a two-stage sparse model. The selected samples with representative features are utilized to train a classifier to select the best candidates. A modified inner geodesic distance based mean-shift clustering algorithm is used to produce the final nuclei detection results. The proposed method was extensively tested using 42 sets of z-stack images containing over 1,500 myonuclei. The method demonstrates excellent results that are better than current state-of-the-art approaches.
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29
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Jung C, Kim C. Impact of the accuracy of automatic segmentation of cell nuclei clusters on classification of thyroid follicular lesions. Cytometry A 2014; 85:709-18. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanho Jung
- IT Convergence Technology Research Laboratory; Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI); Yuseong-Gu Daejeon 305-700 Republic of Korea
| | - Changick Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Yuseong-Gu Daejeon 305-732 Republic of Korea
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30
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Fuyong Xing, Hai Su, Neltner J, Lin Yang. Automatic Ki-67 Counting Using Robust Cell Detection and Online Dictionary Learning. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2014; 61:859-70. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2291703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Kong H, Akakin HC, Sarma SE. A generalized Laplacian of Gaussian filter for blob detection and its applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CYBERNETICS 2013; 43:1719-1733. [PMID: 23757570 DOI: 10.1109/tsmcb.2012.2228639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a generalized Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) (gLoG) filter for detecting general elliptical blob structures in images. The gLoG filter can not only accurately locate the blob centers but also estimate the scales, shapes, and orientations of the detected blobs. These functions can be realized by generalizing the common 3-D LoG scale-space blob detector to a 5-D gLoG scale-space one, where the five parameters are image-domain coordinates (x, y), scales (σ(x), σ(y)), and orientation (θ), respectively. Instead of searching the local extrema of the image's 5-D gLoG scale space for locating blobs, a more feasible solution is given by locating the local maxima of an intermediate map, which is obtained by aggregating the log-scale-normalized convolution responses of each individual gLoG filter. The proposed gLoG-based blob detector is applied to both biomedical images and natural ones such as general road-scene images. For the biomedical applications on pathological and fluorescent microscopic images, the gLoG blob detector can accurately detect the centers and estimate the sizes and orientations of cell nuclei. These centers are utilized as markers for a watershed-based touching-cell splitting method to split touching nuclei and counting cells in segmentation-free images. For the application on road images, the proposed detector can produce promising estimation of texture orientations, achieving an accurate texture-based road vanishing point detection method. The implementation of our method is quite straightforward due to a very small number of tunable parameters.
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32
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Kothari S, Phan JH, Stokes TH, Wang MD. Pathology imaging informatics for quantitative analysis of whole-slide images. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2013; 20:1099-108. [PMID: 23959844 PMCID: PMC3822114 DOI: 10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives With the objective of bringing clinical decision support systems to reality, this article reviews histopathological whole-slide imaging informatics methods, associated challenges, and future research opportunities. Target audience This review targets pathologists and informaticians who have a limited understanding of the key aspects of whole-slide image (WSI) analysis and/or a limited knowledge of state-of-the-art technologies and analysis methods. Scope First, we discuss the importance of imaging informatics in pathology and highlight the challenges posed by histopathological WSI. Next, we provide a thorough review of current methods for: quality control of histopathological images; feature extraction that captures image properties at the pixel, object, and semantic levels; predictive modeling that utilizes image features for diagnostic or prognostic applications; and data and information visualization that explores WSI for de novo discovery. In addition, we highlight future research directions and discuss the impact of large public repositories of histopathological data, such as the Cancer Genome Atlas, on the field of pathology informatics. Following the review, we present a case study to illustrate a clinical decision support system that begins with quality control and ends with predictive modeling for several cancer endpoints. Currently, state-of-the-art software tools only provide limited image processing capabilities instead of complete data analysis for clinical decision-making. We aim to inspire researchers to conduct more research in pathology imaging informatics so that clinical decision support can become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Kothari
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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33
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Asarnow DE, Singh R. Segmenting the etiological agent of schistosomiasis for high-content screening. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2013; 32:1007-18. [PMID: 23428618 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2013.2247412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease with a global health impact second only to malaria. The World Health Organization has classified schistosomiasis as an illness for which new therapies are urgently needed. However, the causative parasite is refractory to current high-throughput drug screening due to the diversity and complexity of shape, appearance and movement-based phenotypes exhibited in response to putative drugs. Currently, there is no automated image-based approach capable of relieving this deficiency. We propose and validate an image segmentation algorithm designed to overcome the distinct challenges posed by schistosomes and macroparasites in general, including irregular shapes and sizes, dense groups of touching parasites and the unpredictable effects of drug exposure. Our approach combines a region-based distributing function with a novel edge detector derived from phase congruency and grayscale thinning by threshold superposition. The method is sufficiently rapid, robust and accurate to be used for quantitative analysis of diverse parasite phenotypes in high-throughput and high-content screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Asarnow
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA
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34
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Chen C, Wang W, Ozolek JA, Rohde GK. A flexible and robust approach for segmenting cell nuclei from 2D microscopy images using supervised learning and template matching. Cytometry A 2013; 83:495-507. [PMID: 23568787 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new supervised learning-based template matching approach for segmenting cell nuclei from microscopy images. The method uses examples selected by a user for building a statistical model that captures the texture and shape variations of the nuclear structures from a given dataset to be segmented. Segmentation of subsequent, unlabeled, images is then performed by finding the model instance that best matches (in the normalized cross correlation sense) local neighborhood in the input image. We demonstrate the application of our method to segmenting nuclei from a variety of imaging modalities, and quantitatively compare our results to several other methods. Quantitative results using both simulated and real image data show that, while certain methods may work well for certain imaging modalities, our software is able to obtain high accuracy across several imaging modalities studied. Results also demonstrate that, relative to several existing methods, the template-based method we propose presents increased robustness in the sense of better handling variations in illumination, variations in texture from different imaging modalities, providing more smooth and accurate segmentation borders, as well as handling better cluttered nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Center for Bioimage Informatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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35
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Wang Q, West M. Model-controlled flooding with applications to image reconstruction and segmentation. JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2012; 21:023020. [PMID: 23049229 PMCID: PMC3462023 DOI: 10.1117/1.jei.21.2.023020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We discuss improved image reconstruction and segmentation in a framework we term model-controlled flooding (MCF). This extends the watershed transform for segmentation by allowing the integration of a priori information about image objects into flooding simulation processes. Modeling the initial seeding, region growing, and stopping rules of the watershed flooding process allows users to customize the simulation with user-defined or default model functions incorporating prior information. It also extends a more general class of transforms based on connected attribute filters by allowing the modification of connected components of a grayscale image, thus providing more flexibility in image reconstruction. MCF reconstruction defines images with desirable features for further segmentation using existing methods and can lead to substantial improvements. We demonstrate the MCF framework using a size transform that extends grayscale area opening and attribute thickening/thinning, and give examples from several areas: concealed object detection, speckle counting in biological single cell studies, and analyses of benchmark microscopic image data sets. MCF achieves benchmark error rates well below those reported in the recent literature and in comparison with other algorithms, while being easily adapted to new imaging contexts.
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36
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Wang CW. Fast automatic quantitative cell replication with fluorescent live cell imaging. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13:21. [PMID: 22292799 PMCID: PMC3359210 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND live cell imaging is a useful tool to monitor cellular activities in living systems. It is often necessary in cancer research or experimental research to quantify the dividing capabilities of cells or the cell proliferation level when investigating manipulations of the cells or their environment. Manual quantification of fluorescence microscopic image is difficult because human is neither sensitive to fine differences in color intensity nor effective to count and average fluorescence level among cells. However, auto-quantification is not a straightforward problem to solve. As the sampling location of the microscopy changes, the amount of cells in individual microscopic images varies, which makes simple measurement methods such as the sum of stain intensity values or the total number of positive stain within each image inapplicable. Thus, automated quantification with robust cell segmentation techniques is required. RESULTS An automated quantification system with robust cell segmentation technique are presented. The experimental results in application to monitor cellular replication activities show that the quantitative score is promising to represent the cell replication level, and scores for images from different cell replication groups are demonstrated to be statistically significantly different using ANOVA, LSD and Tukey HSD tests (p-value < 0.01). In addition, the technique is fast and takes less than 0.5 second for high resolution microscopic images (with image dimension 2560 × 1920). CONCLUSION A robust automated quantification method of live cell imaging is built to measure the cell replication level, providing a robust quantitative analysis system in fluorescent live cell imaging. In addition, the presented unsupervised entropy based cell segmentation for live cell images is demonstrated to be also applicable for nuclear segmentation of IHC tissue images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Phan JH, Quo CF, Cheng C, Wang MD. Multiscale integration of -omic, imaging, and clinical data in biomedical informatics. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 5:74-87. [PMID: 23231990 PMCID: PMC5859561 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2012.2212427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews challenges and opportunities in multiscale data integration for biomedical informatics. Biomedical data can come from different biological origins, data acquisition technologies, and clinical applications. Integrating such data across multiple scales (e.g., molecular, cellular/tissue, and patient) can lead to more informed decisions for personalized, predictive, and preventive medicine. However, data heterogeneity, community standards in data acquisition, and computational complexity are big challenges for such decision making. This review describes genomic and proteomic (i.e., molecular), histopathological imaging (i.e., cellular/tissue), and clinical (i.e., patient) data; it includes case studies for single-scale (e.g., combining genomic or histopathological image data), multiscale (e.g., combining histopathological image and clinical data), and multiscale and multiplatform (e.g., the Human Protein Atlas and The Cancer Genome Atlas) data integration. Numerous opportunities exist in biomedical informatics research focusing on integration of multiscale and multiplatform data.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Phan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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SONG HAO, WANG WEIXING. A NEW SEPARATION ALGORITHM FOR OVERLAPPING BLOOD CELLS USING SHAPE ANALYSIS. INT J PATTERN RECOGN 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218001409007302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Blood cell classification is widely used in the biomedical research. Appropriate separation between touching and overlapping blood cells is of great importance for the successful classification. In this paper, a novel algorithm based on shape information is proposed for the separation of partially overlapping blood cells. It is motivated by the problem of finding the borders between adjacent blood cells in microscopy images. The algorithm can not only separate the simple touching blood cells, but also large clusters of overlapping blood cells. In addition, this algorithm can be adopted for other applications, where separation between touching and overlapping particles is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- HAO SONG
- Department of Computer Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, P. R. China
| | - WEIXING WANG
- Department of Computer Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, P. R. China
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Kong H, Gurcan M, Belkacem-Boussaid K. Partitioning histopathological images: an integrated framework for supervised color-texture segmentation and cell splitting. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2011; 30:1661-77. [PMID: 21486712 PMCID: PMC3165069 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2011.2141674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For quantitative analysis of histopathological images, such as the lymphoma grading systems, quantification of features is usually carried out on single cells before categorizing them by classification algorithms. To this end, we propose an integrated framework consisting of a novel supervised cell-image segmentation algorithm and a new touching-cell splitting method. For the segmentation part, we segment the cell regions from the other areas by classifying the image pixels into either cell or extra-cellular category. Instead of using pixel color intensities, the color-texture extracted at the local neighborhood of each pixel is utilized as the input to our classification algorithm. The color-texture at each pixel is extracted by local Fourier transform (LFT) from a new color space, the most discriminant color space (MDC). The MDC color space is optimized to be a linear combination of the original RGB color space so that the extracted LFT texture features in the MDC color space can achieve most discrimination in terms of classification (segmentation) performance. To speed up the texture feature extraction process, we develop an efficient LFT extraction algorithm based on image shifting and image integral. For the splitting part, given a connected component of the segmentation map, we initially differentiate whether it is a touching-cell clump or a single nontouching cell. The differentiation is mainly based on the distance between the most likely radial-symmetry center and the geometrical center of the connected component. The boundaries of touching-cell clumps are smoothed out by Fourier shape descriptor before carrying out an iterative, concave-point and radial-symmetry based splitting algorithm. To test the validity, effectiveness and efficiency of the framework, it is applied to follicular lymphoma pathological images, which exhibit complex background and extracellular texture with nonuniform illumination condition. For comparison purposes, the results of the proposed segmentation algorithm are evaluated against the outputs of superpixel, graph-cut, mean-shift, and two state-of-the-art pathological image segmentation methods using ground-truth that was established by manual segmentation of cells in the original images. Our segmentation algorithm achieves better results than the other compared methods. The results of splitting are evaluated in terms of under-splitting, over-splitting, and encroachment errors. By summing up the three types of errors, we achieve a total error rate of 5.25% per image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Kong
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,
| | - Metin Gurcan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,
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Kopriva I, Hadžija M, Popović Hadžija M, Korolija M, Cichocki A. Rational variety mapping for contrast-enhanced nonlinear unsupervised segmentation of multispectral images of unstained specimen. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:547-54. [PMID: 21708116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A methodology is proposed for nonlinear contrast-enhanced unsupervised segmentation of multispectral (color) microscopy images of principally unstained specimens. The methodology exploits spectral diversity and spatial sparseness to find anatomical differences between materials (cells, nuclei, and background) present in the image. It consists of rth-order rational variety mapping (RVM) followed by matrix/tensor factorization. Sparseness constraint implies duality between nonlinear unsupervised segmentation and multiclass pattern assignment problems. Classes not linearly separable in the original input space become separable with high probability in the higher-dimensional mapped space. Hence, RVM mapping has two advantages: it takes implicitly into account nonlinearities present in the image (ie, they are not required to be known) and it increases spectral diversity (ie, contrast) between materials, due to increased dimensionality of the mapped space. This is expected to improve performance of systems for automated classification and analysis of microscopic histopathological images. The methodology was validated using RVM of the second and third orders of the experimental multispectral microscopy images of unstained sciatic nerve fibers (nervus ischiadicus) and of unstained white pulp in the spleen tissue, compared with a manually defined ground truth labeled by two trained pathophysiologists. The methodology can also be useful for additional contrast enhancement of images of stained specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Kopriva
- Division of Laser and Atomic Research and Development, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Kothari S, Phan JH, Moffitt RA, Stokes TH, Hassberger SE, Chaudry Q, Young AN, Wang MD. Automatic batch-invariant color segmentation of histological cancer images. PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2011; 2011:657-660. [PMID: 27532016 DOI: 10.1109/isbi.2011.5872492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Kothari
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - John H Phan
- Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University
| | - Richard A Moffitt
- Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University
| | - Todd H Stokes
- Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University
| | - Shelby E Hassberger
- Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University
| | - Qaiser Chaudry
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Andrew N Young
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University; Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA
| | - May D Wang
- Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University
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Wang CW, Fennell D, Paul I, Savage K, Hamilton P. Robust automated tumour segmentation on histological and immunohistochemical tissue images. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15818. [PMID: 21386898 PMCID: PMC3046129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue microarray (TMA) is a high throughput analysis tool to identify new diagnostic and prognostic markers in human cancers. However, standard automated method in tumour detection on both routine histochemical and immunohistochemistry (IHC) images is under developed. This paper presents a robust automated tumour cell segmentation model which can be applied to both routine histochemical tissue slides and IHC slides and deal with finer pixel-based segmentation in comparison with blob or area based segmentation by existing approaches. The presented technique greatly improves the process of TMA construction and plays an important role in automated IHC quantification in biomarker analysis where excluding stroma areas is critical. With the finest pixel-based evaluation (instead of area-based or object-based), the experimental results show that the proposed method is able to achieve 80% accuracy and 78% accuracy in two different types of pathological virtual slides, i.e., routine histochemical H&E and IHC images, respectively. The presented technique greatly reduces labor-intensive workloads for pathologists and highly speeds up the process of TMA construction and provides a possibility for fully automated IHC quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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43
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Chanho Jung, Changick Kim, Seoung Wan Chae, Sukjoong Oh. Unsupervised Segmentation of Overlapped Nuclei Using Bayesian Classification. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2010; 57:2825-32. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2010.2060486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Brüllmann DD, Pabst A, Lehmann KM, Ziebart T, Klein MO, d’Hoedt B. Counting touching cell nuclei using fast ellipse detection to assess in vitro cell characteristics: a feasibility study. Clin Oral Investig 2010; 16:33-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-010-0479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Quelhas P, Mendonça AM, Campilho A. Optical Flow Based Arabidopsis Thaliana Root Meristem Cell Division Detection. LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13775-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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46
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Automated Arabidopsis plant root cell segmentation based on SVM classification and region merging. Comput Biol Med 2009; 39:785-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bernardo V, Lourenço SQC, Cruz R, Monteiro-Leal LH, Silva LE, Camisasca DR, Farina M, Lins U. Reproducibility of immunostaining quantification and description of a new digital image processing procedure for quantitative evaluation of immunohistochemistry in pathology. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2009; 15:353-365. [PMID: 19575836 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927609090710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of immunostaining is a widely used technique in pathology. Nonetheless, techniques that rely on human vision are prone to inter- and intraobserver variability, and they are tedious and time consuming. Digital image analysis (DIA), now available in a variety of platforms, improves quantification performance: however, the stability of these different DIA systems is largely unknown. Here, we describe a method to measure the reproducibility of DIA systems. In addition, we describe a new image-processing strategy for quantitative evaluation of immunostained tissue sections using DAB/hematoxylin-stained slides. This approach is based on image subtraction, using a blue low pass filter in the optical train, followed by digital contrast and brightness enhancement. Results showed that our DIA system yields stable counts, and that this method can be used to evaluate the performance of DIA systems. The new image-processing approach creates an image that aids both human visual observation and DIA systems in assessing immunostained slides, delivers a quantitative performance similar to that of bright field imaging, gives thresholds with smaller ranges, and allows the segmentation of strongly immunostained areas, all resulting in a higher probability of representing specific staining. We believe that our approach offers important advantages to immunostaining quantification in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner Bernardo
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia, Rua Marquês do Paraná, 303-4 andar- sala 1, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro-Centro, 24033-900, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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Jierong Cheng, Rajapakse J. Segmentation of Clustered Nuclei With Shape Markers and Marking Function. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2009; 56:741-8. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2008.2008635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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50
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Yu D, Pham TD, Zhou X. Analysis and recognition of touching cell images based on morphological structures. Comput Biol Med 2009; 39:27-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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