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Matta R, Moreau D, O’Connor R. Printable devices for neurotechnology. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1332827. [PMID: 38440397 PMCID: PMC10909977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1332827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Printable electronics for neurotechnology is a rapidly emerging field that leverages various printing techniques to fabricate electronic devices, offering advantages in rapid prototyping, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. These devices have promising applications in neurobiology, enabling the recording of neuronal signals and controlled drug delivery. This review provides an overview of printing techniques, materials used in neural device fabrication, and their applications. The printing techniques discussed include inkjet, screen printing, flexographic printing, 3D printing, and more. Each method has its unique advantages and challenges, ranging from precise printing and high resolution to material compatibility and scalability. Selecting the right materials for printable devices is crucial, considering factors like biocompatibility, flexibility, electrical properties, and durability. Conductive materials such as metallic nanoparticles and conducting polymers are commonly used in neurotechnology. Dielectric materials, like polyimide and polycaprolactone, play a vital role in device fabrication. Applications of printable devices in neurotechnology encompass various neuroprobes, electrocorticography arrays, and microelectrode arrays. These devices offer flexibility, biocompatibility, and scalability, making them cost-effective and suitable for preclinical research. However, several challenges need to be addressed, including biocompatibility, precision, electrical performance, long-term stability, and regulatory hurdles. This review highlights the potential of printable electronics in advancing our understanding of the brain and treating neurological disorders while emphasizing the importance of overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Matta
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Departement BEL, Gardanne, France
| | - David Moreau
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Departement BEL, Gardanne, France
| | - Rodney O’Connor
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Departement BEL, Gardanne, France
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Massey RS, Appadurai RR, Prakash R. A Surface Imprinted Polymer EIS Sensor for Detecting Alpha-Synuclein, a Parkinson's Disease Biomarker. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:273. [PMID: 38399001 PMCID: PMC10892569 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease, causing loss of motor function and, in some instances, cognitive decline and dementia in those affected. The quality of life can be improved, and disease progression delayed through early interventions. However, current methods of confirming a PD diagnosis are extremely invasive. This prevents their use as a screening tool for the early onset stages of PD. We propose a surface imprinted polymer (SIP) electroimpedance spectroscopy (EIS) biosensor for detecting α-Synuclein (αSyn) and its aggregates, a biomarker that appears in saliva and blood during the early stages of PD as the blood-brain barrier degrades. The surface imprinted polymer stamp is fabricated by low-temperature melt stamping polycaprolactone (PCL) on interdigitated EIS electrodes. The result is a low-cost, small-footprint biosensor that is highly suitable for non-invasive monitoring of the disease biomarker. The sensors were tested with αSyn dilutions in deionized water and in constant ionic concentration matrix solutions with decreasing concentrations of αSyn to remove the background effects of concentration. The device response confirmed the specificity of these devices to the target protein of monomeric αSyn. The sensor limit of detection was measured to be 5 pg/L, and its linear detection range was 5 pg/L-5 µg/L. This covers the physiological range of αSyn in saliva and makes this a highly promising method of quantifying αSyn monomers for PD patients in the future. The SIP surface was regenerated, and the sensor was reused to demonstrate its capability for repeat sensing as a potential continuous monitoring tool for the disease biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ravi Prakash
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (R.S.M.); (R.R.A.)
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Bhavsar V, Tripathi D. In vitro biocompatibility study of microwave absorbing conducting polymer blend films for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the present communication, microwave absorbing property in the frequency range of 12.4–18 GHz and in vitro biocompatibility studies of light weight, flexible, biocompatible, and environment friendly polymer blend films of polyvinylchloride (PVC)-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (taken in ratio 1:1) and doped with various percentage weight concentration of polypyrrole (PPy) are reported. Addition of PPy in the PVC-PVP matrix exhibited a synergetic effect in improving microwave absorbing property. PVC-PVP blend film with 40 and 50% concentrations of PPy were seen to absorb microwaves of the order of 28–50 dB in ku band of microwave region indicating that this composition can suitably find application as microwave absorbing material. In vitro biocompatibility skin irritation study of PVC-PVP (taken in ratio 1:1) with 50% weight concentration of PPy indicated that the prepared film did not have any irritation upon administration and hence is safe for topical application. Moreover, the blood compatibility study of this film exhibited compatibility with blood and can safely be used in any blood contacting mask/device. Hence, this biocompatible film can potentially be used as microwave absorbing material for masking some parts of human body or can be interfaced to biological systems or devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Bhavsar
- Applied Sciences and Humanities Department , Sal College of Engineering, Sal Education, Gujarat Technological University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat 380061 , India
| | - Deepti Tripathi
- Department of Physics , School of Sciences, Gujarat University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
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Vankar H, Rana V, Dey S, Patel H, Jain V. Molecular interaction in binary mixtures of 3-Bromoanisole and methanol: A microwave dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and molecular dynamic simulation study. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Fares MM. π-Plasmon absorbance films of carboxylic functionalized CNTs coupled with renewable PGP platforms. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M. Fares
- Department of Chemistry; Jordan University of Science and Technology; PO Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan
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Behzadnezhad B, Collick BD, Behdad N, McMillan AB. Dielectric properties of 3D-printed materials for anatomy specific 3D-printed MRI coils. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 289:113-121. [PMID: 29500942 PMCID: PMC5856656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing provides a low-cost and rapid means to translate 3D designs into the construction of a prototype. For MRI, this type of manufacturing can be used to construct various components including the structure of RF coils. In this paper, we characterize the material properties (dielectric constant and loss tangent) of several common 3D-printed polymers in the MRI frequency range of 63-300 MHz (for MRI magnetic field strengths of 1.5-7 T), and utilize these material properties in full-wave electromagnetic simulations to design and construct a very low-cost subject/anatomy-specific 3D-printed receive-only RF coil that fits close to the body. We show that the anatomy-specific coil exhibits higher signal-to-noise ratio compared to a conventional flat surface coil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Behzadnezhad
- Department of Radiology, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Bruce D Collick
- Department of Radiology, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nader Behdad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alan B McMillan
- Department of Radiology, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Golnabi AH, Meaney PM, Paulsen KD. 3D microwave tomography of the breast using prior anatomical information. Med Phys 2016; 43:1933. [PMID: 27036589 DOI: 10.1118/1.4944592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors have developed a new 3D breast image reconstruction technique that utilizes the soft tissue spatial resolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and integrates the dielectric property differentiation from microwave imaging to produce a dual modality approach with the goal of augmenting the specificity of MR imaging, possibly without the need for nonspecific contrast agents. The integration is performed through the application of a soft prior regularization which imports segmented geometric meshes generated from MR exams and uses it to constrain the microwave tomography algorithm to recover nearly uniform property distributions within segmented regions with sharp delineation between these internal subzones. METHODS Previous investigations have demonstrated that this approach is effective in 2D simulation and phantom experiments and also in clinical exams. The current study extends the algorithm to 3D and provides a thorough analysis of the sensitivity and robustness to misalignment errors in size and location between the spatial prior information and the actual data. RESULTS Image results in 3D were not strongly dependent on reconstruction mesh density, and the changes of less than 30% in recovered property values arose from variations of more than 125% in target region size-an outcome which was more robust than in 2D. Similarly, changes of less than 13% occurred in the 3D image results from variations in target location of nearly 90% of the inclusion size. Permittivity and conductivity errors were about 5 times and 2 times smaller, respectively, with the 3D spatial prior algorithm in actual phantom experiments than those which occurred without priors. CONCLUSIONS The presented study confirms that the incorporation of structural information in the form of a soft constraint can considerably improve the accuracy of the property estimates in predefined regions of interest. These findings are encouraging and establish a strong foundation for using the soft prior technique in clinical studies, where their microwave imaging system and MRI can simultaneously collect breast exam data in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Golnabi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043
| | - Paul M Meaney
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Keith D Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755; Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; and Advanced Surgical Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
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Meaney PM, Golnabi AH, Epstein NR, Geimer SD, Fanning MW, Weaver JB, Paulsen KD. Integration of microwave tomography with magnetic resonance for improved breast imaging. Med Phys 2014; 40:103101. [PMID: 24089930 DOI: 10.1118/1.4820361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast magnetic resonance imaging is highly sensitive but not very specific for the detection of breast cancer. Opportunities exist to supplement the image acquisition with a more specific modality provided the technical challenges of meeting space limitations inside the bore, restricted breast access, and electromagnetic compatibility requirements can be overcome. Magnetic resonance (MR) and microwave tomography (MT) are complementary and synergistic because the high resolution of MR is used to encode spatial priors on breast geometry and internal parenchymal features that have distinct electrical properties (i.e., fat vs fibroglandular tissue) for microwave tomography. METHODS The authors have overcome integration challenges associated with combining MT with MR to produce a new coregistered, multimodality breast imaging platform--magnetic resonance microwave tomography, including: substantial illumination tank size reduction specific to the confined MR bore diameter, minimization of metal content and composition, reduction of metal artifacts in the MR images, and suppression of unwanted MT multipath signals. RESULTS MR SNR exceeding 40 dB can be obtained. Proper filtering of MR signals reduces MT data degradation allowing MT SNR of 20 dB to be obtained, which is sufficient for image reconstruction. When MR spatial priors are incorporated into the recovery of MT property estimates, the errors between the recovered versus actual dielectric properties approach 5%. CONCLUSIONS The phantom and human subject exams presented here are the first demonstration of combining MT with MR to improve the accuracy of the reconstructed MT images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Meaney
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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Aguilar SM, Al-Joumayly MA, Burfeindt MJ, Behdad N, Hagness SC. Multi-Band Miniaturized Patch Antennas for a Compact, Shielded Microwave Breast Imaging Array. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION 2013; 62:1221-1231. [PMID: 25392561 PMCID: PMC4226417 DOI: 10.1109/tap.2013.2295615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive study of a class of multi-band miniaturized patch antennas designed for use in a 3D enclosed sensor array for microwave breast imaging. Miniaturization and multi-band operation are achieved by loading the antenna with non-radiating slots at strategic locations along the patch. This results in symmetric radiation patterns and similar radiation characteristics at all frequencies of operation. Prototypes were fabricated and tested in a biocompatible immersion medium. Excellent agreement was obtained between simulations and measurements. The trade-off between miniaturization and radiation efficiency within this class of patch antennas is explored via a numerical analysis of the effects of the location and number of slots, as well as the thickness and permittivity of the dielectric substrate, on the resonant frequencies and gain. Additionally, we compare 3D quantitative microwave breast imaging performance achieved with two different enclosed arrays of slot-loaded miniaturized patch antennas. Simulated array measurements were obtained for a 3D anatomically realistic numerical breast phantom. The reconstructed breast images generated from miniaturized patch array data suggest that, for the realistic noise power levels assumed in this study, the variations in gain observed across this class of multi-band patch antennas do not significantly impact the overall image quality. We conclude that these miniaturized antennas are promising candidates as compact array elements for shielded, multi-frequency microwave breast imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette M. Aguilar
- University of Wisconsin-Madison and is now with Motorola Mobility, Inc, Libertyville, IL 60048 USA
| | - Mudar A. Al-Joumayly
- University of Wisconsin-Madison and is now with TriQuint Semiconductor, Apopka, FL 32703 USA
| | - Matthew J. Burfeindt
- University of Wisconsin-Madison and is now with the Air Force Research Laboratory at Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA
| | - Nader Behdad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Susan C. Hagness
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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Burfeindt MJ, Behdad N, Van Veen BD, Hagness SC. Quantitative Microwave Imaging of Realistic Numerical Breast Phantoms Using an Enclosed Array of Multiband, Miniaturized Patch Antennas. IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS 2012; 11:1626-1629. [PMID: 25419189 PMCID: PMC4237205 DOI: 10.1109/lawp.2012.2236071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a 3-D microwave breast imaging study in which we reconstruct the dielectric profiles of MRI-derived numerical breast phantoms from simulated array measurements using an enclosed array of multiband, miniaturized patch antennas. The array is designed to overcome challenges relating to the ill-posed nature of the inverse scattering system. We use a multifrequency formulation of the distorted Born iterative method to image four normal-tissue breast phantoms, each corresponding to a different density class. The reconstructed fibroglandular distributions are very faithful to the true distributions in location and basic shape. These results establish the feasibility of using an enclosed array of miniaturized, multiband patch antennas for quantitative microwave breast imaging.
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Burfeindt MJ, Colgan TJ, Mays RO, Shea JD, Behdad N, Van Veen BD, Hagness SC. MRI-Derived 3-D-Printed Breast Phantom for Microwave Breast Imaging Validation. IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS 2012; 11:1610-1613. [PMID: 25132808 PMCID: PMC4133125 DOI: 10.1109/lawp.2012.2236293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We propose a 3-D-printed breast phantom for use in preclinical experimental microwave imaging studies. The phantom is derived from an MRI of a human subject; thus, it is anthropomorphic, and its interior is very similar to an actual distribution of fibroglandular tissues. Adipose tissue in the breast is represented by the solid plastic (printed) regions of the phantom, while fibroglandular tissue is represented by liquid-filled voids in the plastic. The liquid is chosen to provide a biologically relevant dielectric contrast with the printed plastic. Such a phantom enables validation of microwave imaging techniques. We describe the procedure for generating the 3-D-printed breast phantom and present the measured dielectric properties of the 3-D-printed plastic over the frequency range 0.5-3.5 GHz. We also provide an example of a suitable liquid for filling the fibroglandular voids in the plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Burfeindt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Timothy J Colgan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - R Owen Mays
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Jacob D Shea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Nader Behdad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Barry D Van Veen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Susan C Hagness
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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