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Kurita K. A Non-Contact and Real-Time Measurement Technique of Human Body Potential Using Electrostatic Induction Current Accompanied by Human Body Motion. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7161. [PMID: 36236262 PMCID: PMC9573315 DOI: 10.3390/s22197161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a non-contact and real-time measurement technique of human body potential using ultra-sensitive electrostatic induction. When a participant moves his/her palm to a position approximately 30 cm away from an electrostatic induction sensor, electrostatic induction current flows transiently. It is clarified whether estimation of the human body potential is possible by simultaneously measuring the velocity of the participant's palm and distance between the participant's palm and sensor. In addition, even when the participant walks at a position approximately 50 cm away from the electrostatic induction sensor, it is confirmed that the estimation of human body potential is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kurita
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan
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2
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Hartwig V, Virgili G, Mattei FE, Biagini C, Romeo S, Zeni O, Scarfì MR, Massa R, Campanella F, Landini L, Gobba F, Modenese A, Giovannetti G. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in magnetic resonance environment: an update on regulation, exposure assessment techniques, health risk evaluation, and surveillance. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 60:297-320. [PMID: 34586563 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most-used diagnostic imaging methods worldwide. There are ∼50,000 MRI scanners worldwide each of which involves a minimum of five workers from different disciplines who spend their working days around MRI scanners. This review analyzes the state of the art of literature about the several aspects of the occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in MRI: regulations, literature studies on biological effects, and health surveillance are addressed here in detail, along with a summary of the main approaches for exposure assessment. The original research papers published from 2013 to 2021 in international peer-reviewed journals, in the English language, are analyzed, together with documents published by legislative bodies. The key points for each topic are identified and described together with useful tips for precise safeguarding of MRI operators, in terms of exposure assessment, studies on biological effects, and health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Hartwig
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, San Cataldo, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Virgili
- Virgili Giorgio, Via G. Pastore 2, 26040, Crespina-Lorenzana, Italy
| | - F Ederica Mattei
- West Systems S.R.L, Via Don Mazzolari 25, 56025, Pontedera, PI, Italy
| | - Cristiano Biagini
- Associazione Italiana Tecnici Dell'Imaging in Risonanza Magnetica, AITIRM, Via XX Settembre 76, 50129, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Romeo
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) , Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Zeni
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) , Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Scarfì
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) , Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Massa
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) , Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy.,Department of Physics, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Campanella
- Dipartimento di medicina, epidemiologia, Igiene del Lavoro E Ambientale, Inail, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Landini
- Fondazione Toscana "G. Monasterio", Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, San Cataldo, Italy
| | - Fabriziomaria Gobba
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Modenese
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulio Giovannetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, San Cataldo, Italy
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STAM R, YAMAGUCHI-SEKINO S. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields from medical sources. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2018; 56:96-105. [PMID: 29109357 PMCID: PMC5889928 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High exposures to electromagnetic fields (EMF) can occur near certain medical devices in the hospital environment. A systematic assessment of medical occupational EMF exposure could help to clarify where more attention to occupational safety may be needed. This paper seeks to identify sources of high exposure for hospital workers and compare the published exposure data to occupational limits in the European Union. A systematic search for peer-reviewed publications was conducted via PubMed and Scopus databases. Relevant grey literature was collected via a web search. For each publication, the highest measured magnetic flux density or internal electric field strength per device and main frequency component was extracted. For low frequency fields, high action levels may be exceeded for magnetic stimulation, MRI gradient fields and movement in MRI static fields. For radiofrequency fields, the action levels may be exceeded near devices for diathermy, electrosurgery and hyperthermia and in the radiofrequency field inside MRI scanners. The exposure limit values for internal electric field may be exceeded for MRI and magnetic stimulation. For MRI and magnetic stimulation, practical measures can limit worker exposure. For diathermy, electrosurgery and hyperthermia, additional calculations are necessary to determine if SAR limits may be exceeded in some scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne STAM
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, the Netherlands
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in magnetic resonance environment: basic aspects and review of exposure assessment approaches. Med Biol Eng Comput 2018; 56:531-545. [PMID: 29344902 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-017-1779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to make a contribution to build a comprehensive knowledge of the main aspects related to the occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environments. Information has been obtained from original research papers published in international peer-reviewed journals in the English language and from documents published by governmental bodies and authorities. An overview of the occupational exposure scenarios to static magnetic fields, motion-induced, time-varying magnetic fields, and gradient and radiofrequency fields is provided, together with a summary of the relevant regulation for limiting exposure. A particular emphasis is on reviewing the main EMF exposure assessment approaches found in the literature. Exposure assessment is carried out either by measuring the unperturbed magnetic fields in the MRI rooms, or by personal monitoring campaigns, or by the use of numerical methods. A general lack of standardization of the procedures and technologies adopted for exposure assessment has emerged, which makes it difficult to perform a direct comparison of results from different studies carried out by applying different assessment strategies. In conclusion, exposure assessment approaches based on data collection and numerical models need to be better defined in order to respond to specific research questions. That would provide for a more complete characterization of the exposure patterns and for identification of the factors determining the exposure variability. Graphical abstract Main approaches adopted in the literature to perform occupational exposure assessment to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environments. SMF: static magnetic field; GMF: gradient magnetic fields; RF: radio-frequencies.
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Sannino A, Romeo S, Scarfì MR, Massa R, d’Angelo R, Petrillo A, Cerciello V, Fusco R, Zeni O. Exposure Assessment and Biomonitoring of Workers in Magnetic Resonance Environment: An Exploratory Study. Front Public Health 2017; 5:344. [PMID: 29326919 PMCID: PMC5741817 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved rapidly over the past few decades as one of the most flexible tools in medical research and diagnostic imaging. MRI facilities are important sources of multiple exposure to electromagnetic fields for both patients and health-care staff, due to the presence of electromagnetic fields of multiple frequency ranges, different temporal variations, and field strengths. Due to the increasing use and technological advancements of MRI systems, clearer insights into exposure assessment and a better understanding of possible harmful effects due to long-term exposures are highly needed. In the present exploratory study, exposure assessment and biomonitoring of MRI workers at the Radio-diagnostics Unit of the National Cancer Institute of Naples "Pascale Foundation" (Naples, Italy) have been carried out. In particular, exposure to the MRI static magnetic field (SMF) has been evaluated by means of personal monitoring, while an application tool has been developed to provide an estimate of motion-induced, time-varying electric fields. Measurement results have highlighted a high day-to-day and worker-to-worker variability of the exposure to the SMF, which strongly depends on the characteristics of the environment and on personal behaviors, and the developed application tool can be adopted as an easy-to-use tool for rapid and qualitative evaluation of motion-induced, time-varying electric field exposure. Regarding biomonitoring, the 24 workers of the Radio-diagnostics Unit were enrolled to evaluate both spontaneous and mitomycin C-induced chromosomal fragility in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, by means of the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. The study subjects were 12 MRI workers, representative of different professional categories, as the exposed group, and 12 workers with no MRI exposure history, as the reference group. The results show a high worker-to-worker variability for both field exposure assessment and biomonitoring, as well as several critical issues and practicalities to be faced with in this type of investigations. The procedures for risk assessment and biomonitoring proposed here can be used to inform future research in this field, which will require a refinement of exposure assessment methods and an enlargement of the number of subjects enrolled in the biomonitoring study to gain robust statistics and reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sannino
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Romeo
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Scarfì
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Massa
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
- Department of Physics, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele d’Angelo
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL) – Regional Technical Advisory Department Risk and Prevention Assessment (CONTARP) of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Petrillo
- Radiology Unit, Department of Support to Oncology Pathways, Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale (IRCCS), Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cerciello
- Department of Medical Physics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale (IRCCS), Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Radiology Unit, Department of Support to Oncology Pathways, Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale (IRCCS), Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Zeni
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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Jokela K, Laakso I. Dielectric polarization transients in biological tissue moving in a static magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 37:409-22. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Jokela
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK); Helsinki Finland
| | - Ilkka Laakso
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation; Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering; Espoo Finland
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Zilberti L, Bottauscio O, Chiampi M. Assessment of exposure to MRI motion-induced fields based on the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines. Magn Reson Med 2015; 76:1291-300. [PMID: 26525160 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to conduct an exposure assessment for workers moving through the stray stationary field of common MRI scanners, performed according to the recent International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) Guidelines, which aim at avoiding annoying sensory effects. THEORY AND METHODS The analysis was performed through numerical simulations, using a high-resolution anatomical model that moved along realistic trajectories in proximity to a tubular and open MRI scanner. Both dosimetric indexes indicated by ICNIRP (maximum variation of the magnetic flux density vector and exposure index for the motion-induced electric field) were computed for three statures of the human model. RESULTS A total of 51 exposure situations were analyzed. None of them exceeded the limit for the maximum variation of the magnetic flux density, whereas some critical cases were found when computing the induced electric field. In the latter case, the exposure indexes computed via Fourier transform and through an equivalent filter result to be consistent. CONCLUSION The results suggest the adoption of some simple precautionary rules, useful when sensory effects experienced by an operator could reflect upon the patient's safety. Moreover, some open issues regarding the quantification of motion-induced fields are highlighted, putting in evidence the need for clarification at standardization level. Magn Reson Med 76:1291-1300, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Zilberti
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Mario Chiampi
- Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento Energia, Torino, Italy
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Schaap K, Christopher-De Vries Y, Crozier S, De Vocht F, Kromhout H. Exposure to static and time-varying magnetic fields from working in the static magnetic stray fields of MRI scanners: a comprehensive survey in the Netherlands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 58:1094-110. [PMID: 25139484 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and research staff who work around magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners are exposed to the static magnetic stray fields of these scanners. Although the past decade has seen strong developments in the assessment of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields from MRI scanners, there is insufficient insight into the exposure variability that characterizes routine MRI work practice. However, this is an essential component of risk assessment and epidemiological studies. This paper describes the results of a measurement survey of shift-based personal exposure to static magnetic fields (SMF) (B) and motion-induced time-varying magnetic fields (dB/dt) among workers at 15 MRI facilities in the Netherlands. With the use of portable magnetic field dosimeters, >400 full-shift and partial shift exposure measurements were collected among various jobs involved in clinical and research MRI. Various full-shift exposure metrics for B and motion-induced dB/dt exposure were calculated from the measurements, including instantaneous peak exposure and time-weighted average (TWA) exposures. We found strong correlations between levels of static (B) and time-varying (dB/dt) exposure (r = 0.88-0.92) and between different metrics (i.e. peak exposure, TWA exposure) to express full-shift exposure (r = 0.69-0.78). On average, participants were exposed to MRI-related SMFs during only 3.7% of their work shift. Average and peak B and dB/dt exposure levels during the work inside the MRI scanner room were highest among technical staff, research staff, and radiographers. Average and peak B exposure levels were lowest among cleaners, while dB/dt levels were lowest among anaesthesiology staff. Although modest exposure variability between workplaces and occupations was observed, variation between individuals of the same occupation was substantial, especially among research staff. This relatively large variability between workers with the same job suggests that exposure classification based solely on job title may not be an optimal grouping strategy for epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Schaap
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TD, Netherlands;
| | - Yvette Christopher-De Vries
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TD, Netherlands
| | - Stuart Crozier
- The School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Frank De Vocht
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TD, Netherlands;
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Trakic A, Limei Liu, Sanchez Lopez H, Zilberti L, Feng Liu, Crozier S. Numerical Safety Study of Currents Induced in the Patient During Rotations in the Static Field Produced by a Hybrid MRI-LINAC System. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2014; 61:784-93. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2289924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stam R. The revised electromagnetic fields directive and worker exposure in environments with high magnetic flux densities. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2014; 58:529-41. [PMID: 24557933 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meu010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Some of the strongest electromagnetic fields (EMF) are found in the workplace. A European Directive sets limits to workers' exposure to EMF. This review summarizes its origin and contents and compares magnetic field exposure levels in high-risk workplaces with the limits set in the revised Directive. Pubmed, Scopus, grey literature databases, and websites of organizations involved in occupational exposure measurements were searched. The focus was on EMF with frequencies up to 10 MHz, which can cause stimulation of the nervous system. Selected studies had to provide individual maximum exposure levels at the workplace, either in terms of the external magnetic field strength or flux density or as induced electric field strength or current density. Indicative action levels and the corresponding exposure limit values for magnetic fields in the revised European Directive will be higher than those in the previous version. Nevertheless, magnetic flux densities in excess of the action levels for peripheral nerve stimulation are reported for workers involved in welding, induction heating, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The corresponding health effects exposure limit values for the electric fields in the worker's body can be exceeded for welding and MRI, but calculations for induction heating and transcranial magnetic stimulation are lacking. Since the revised European Directive conditionally exempts MRI-related activities from the exposure limits, measures to reduce exposure may be necessary for welding, induction heating, and transcranial nerve stimulation. Since such measures can be complicated, there is a clear need for exposure databases for different workplace scenarios with significant EMF exposure and guidance on good practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Stam
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Zilberti L, Chiampi M. A numerical survey of motion-induced electric fields experienced by MRI operators. HEALTH PHYSICS 2013; 105:498-511. [PMID: 24162054 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e31829b4aac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with the electric field generated inside the bodies of people moving in proximity to magnetic resonance scanners. Different types of scanners (tubular and open) and various kinds of movements (translation, rotation, and revolution) are analyzed, considering the homogeneous human model proposed in some technical Standards. The computations are performed through the Boundary Element Method, adopting a reference frame attached to the body, which significantly reduces the computational burden. The induced electric fields are evaluated in terms of both spatial distributions and local time evolutions. The possibility of limiting the study to the head without affecting the accuracy of the results is also investigated. Finally, a first attempt to quantify the transient effect of charge separation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Zilberti
- *Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, Italy; †Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
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Zhadobov M, Ferrand G, Luong M, Soubere Y, Le Quément C, Carton PH, Piret Y, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y. Exposure system and dosimetry for in vitro studies of biocompatibility of pulse-modulated RF signals of ultrahigh field MRI. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013; 60:3167-75. [PMID: 23799680 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2270371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A new setup for exposure of human cells in vitro at 37 °C to pulse-modulated 300 and 500 MHz signals of future magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems is designed, built up, and characterized. Two dipole antennas, specifically designed for ultrahigh field MRI, are used as radiating structures. The electromagnetic (EM) field distribution inside the incubator containing the cells is computed, and it is shown to be in a good agreement with measurements. The electric field at the cell level is quantified numerically. Local, 1-g average, and averaged over the culture medium volume SAR are provided along with the standard deviation values for each well. Temperature increments are measured inside the culture medium during the exposure using an optical fiber thermometer. Then, we identify the pulse parameters corresponding to the thermal threshold of 1 °C, usually considered as a threshold for thermally induced biological effects. For these parameters, the induction of heat shock proteins is assessed to biologically verify a potential thermal response of cells. The data demonstrate that, under the considered experimental conditions, exposure to pulse-modulated radiations emulating typical ultrahigh field MRI signals, corresponding to temperature increments below 1 °C, does not trigger any heat shock response in human brain cells.
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Laakso I, Kännälä S, Jokela K. Computational dosimetry of induced electric fields during realistic movements in the vicinity of a 3 T MRI scanner. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:2625-40. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/8/2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Sanchez CC. Comments on “Induction of Electric Field in Human Bodies Moving Near MRI: An Efficient BEM Computational Procedure”. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2012.2228648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chiampi M, Zilberti L. Reply to “Comments on Induction of an Electric Field in Human Bodies Moving Near MRI: An Efficient BEM Computational Procedure”. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2012.2232295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Sánchez CC, Glover P, Power H, Bowtell R. Calculation of the electric field resulting from human body rotation in a magnetic field. Phys Med Biol 2012; 57:4739-53. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/15/4739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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