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Wodzinski M, Marini N, Atzori M, Müller H. RegWSI: Whole slide image registration using combined deep feature- and intensity-based methods: Winner of the ACROBAT 2023 challenge. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 250:108187. [PMID: 38657383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The automatic registration of differently stained whole slide images (WSIs) is crucial for improving diagnosis and prognosis by fusing complementary information emerging from different visible structures. It is also useful to quickly transfer annotations between consecutive or restained slides, thus significantly reducing the annotation time and associated costs. Nevertheless, the slide preparation is different for each stain and the tissue undergoes complex and large deformations. Therefore, a robust, efficient, and accurate registration method is highly desired by the scientific community and hospitals specializing in digital pathology. METHODS We propose a two-step hybrid method consisting of (i) deep learning- and feature-based initial alignment algorithm, and (ii) intensity-based nonrigid registration using the instance optimization. The proposed method does not require any fine-tuning to a particular dataset and can be used directly for any desired tissue type and stain. The registration time is low, allowing one to perform efficient registration even for large datasets. The method was proposed for the ACROBAT 2023 challenge organized during the MICCAI 2023 conference and scored 1st place. The method is released as open-source software. RESULTS The proposed method is evaluated using three open datasets: (i) Automatic Nonrigid Histological Image Registration Dataset (ANHIR), (ii) Automatic Registration of Breast Cancer Tissue Dataset (ACROBAT), and (iii) Hybrid Restained and Consecutive Histological Serial Sections Dataset (HyReCo). The target registration error (TRE) is used as the evaluation metric. We compare the proposed algorithm to other state-of-the-art solutions, showing considerable improvement. Additionally, we perform several ablation studies concerning the resolution used for registration and the initial alignment robustness and stability. The method achieves the most accurate results for the ACROBAT dataset, the cell-level registration accuracy for the restained slides from the HyReCo dataset, and is among the best methods evaluated on the ANHIR dataset. CONCLUSIONS The article presents an automatic and robust registration method that outperforms other state-of-the-art solutions. The method does not require any fine-tuning to a particular dataset and can be used out-of-the-box for numerous types of microscopic images. The method is incorporated into the DeeperHistReg framework, allowing others to directly use it to register, transform, and save the WSIs at any desired pyramid level (resolution up to 220k x 220k). We provide free access to the software. The results are fully and easily reproducible. The proposed method is a significant contribution to improving the WSI registration quality, thus advancing the field of digital pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Wodzinski
- Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Sierre, Switzerland; Department of Measurement and Electronics, AGH University of Kraków, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Niccolò Marini
- Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Sierre, Switzerland
| | - Manfredo Atzori
- Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Sierre, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Henning Müller
- Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Sierre, Switzerland; Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Menges AL, Nackenhorst M, Müller JR, Engl ML, Hegenloh R, Pelisek J, Geibelt E, Hofmann A, Reeps C, Biro G, Eckstein HH, Zimmermann A, Magee D, Falk M, Sachs N, Busch A. Completing the view - histologic insights from circular AAA specimen including 3D imaging : A methodologic approach towards histologic analysis of circumferential AAA samples. Diagn Pathol 2023; 18:73. [PMID: 37308870 PMCID: PMC10259026 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-023-01359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a pathologic enlargement of the infrarenal aorta with an associated risk of rupture. However, the responsible mechanisms are only partially understood. Based on murine and human samples, a heterogeneous distribution of characteristic pathologic features across the aneurysm circumference is expected. Yet, complete histologic workup of the aneurysm sac is scarcely reported. Here, samples from five AAAs covering the complete circumference partially as aortic rings are investigated by histologic means (HE, EvG, immunohistochemistry) and a new method embedding the complete ring. Additionally, two different methods of serial histologic section alignment are applied to create a 3D view. The typical histopathologic features of AAA, elastic fiber degradation, matrix remodeling with collagen deposition, calcification, inflammatory cell infiltration and thrombus coverage were distributed without recognizable pattern across the aneurysm sac in all five patients. Analysis of digitally scanned entire aortic rings facilitates the visualization of these observations. Immunohistochemistry is feasible in such specimen, however, tricky due to tissue disintegration. 3D image stacks were created using open-source and non-generic software correcting for non-rigid warping between consecutive sections. Secondly, 3D image viewers allowed visualization of in-depth changes of the investigated pathologic hallmarks. In conclusion, this exploratory descriptive study demonstrates a heterogeneous histomorphology around the AAA circumference. Warranting an increased sample size, these results might need to be considered in future mechanistic research, especially in reference to intraluminal thrombus coverage. 3D histology of such circular specimen could be a valuable visualization tool for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Leonie Menges
- Department for Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maja Nackenhorst
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes R Müller
- DFG Cluster of Excellence "Physics of Life", TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Engl
- Technical University Munich, Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Renate Hegenloh
- Technical University Munich, Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- Department for Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ellen Geibelt
- Light Microscopy Facility, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Hofmann
- Department for Visceral-, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Reeps
- Department for Visceral-, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabor Biro
- Technical University Munich, Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Eckstein
- Technical University Munich, Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Zimmermann
- Department for Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Derek Magee
- HeteroGenius Limited, Leeds, UK
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Martin Falk
- Scientific Visualization Group, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nadja Sachs
- Technical University Munich, Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Busch
- Technical University Munich, Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
- Department for Visceral-, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany.
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Ge L, Wei X, Hao Y, Luo J, Xu Y. Unsupervised Histological Image Registration Using Structural Feature Guided Convolutional Neural Network. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2022; 41:2414-2431. [PMID: 35363611 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2022.3164088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Registration of multiple stained images is a fundamental task in histological image analysis. In supervised methods, obtaining ground-truth data with known correspondences is laborious and time-consuming. Thus, unsupervised methods are expected. Unsupervised methods ease the burden of manual annotation but often at the cost of inferior results. In addition, registration of histological images suffers from appearance variance due to multiple staining, repetitive texture, and section missing during making tissue sections. To deal with these challenges, we propose an unsupervised structural feature guided convolutional neural network (SFG). Structural features are robust to multiple staining. The combination of low-resolution rough structural features and high-resolution fine structural features can overcome repetitive texture and section missing, respectively. SFG consists of two components of structural consistency constraints according to the formations of structural features, i.e., dense structural component and sparse structural component. The dense structural component uses structural feature maps of the whole image as structural consistency constraints, which represent local contextual information. The sparse structural component utilizes the distance of automatically obtained matched key points as structural consistency constraints because the matched key points in an image pair emphasize the matching of significant structures, which imply global information. In addition, a multi-scale strategy is used in both dense and sparse structural components to make full use of the structural information at low resolution and high resolution to overcome repetitive texture and section missing. The proposed method was evaluated on a public histological dataset (ANHIR) and ranked first as of Jan 18th, 2022.
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Li Q, Wang F, Chen Y, Chen H, Wu S, Farris AB, Jiang Y, Kong J. Virtual liver needle biopsy from reconstructed three-dimensional histopathological images: Quantification of sampling error. Comput Biol Med 2022; 147:105764. [PMID: 35797891 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prevalently considered as the "gold-standard" for diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis, the clinical liver needle biopsy is known to be subject to inadequate sampling and a high mis-sampling rate. However, quantifying such sampling bias has been difficult as generating a large number of needle biopsies from the same living patient is practically infeasible. We construct a three-dimension (3D) virtual liver tissue volume by spatially registered high resolution Whole Slide Images (WSIs) of serial liver tissue sections with a novel dynamic registration method. We further develop a Virtual Needle Biopsy Sampling (VNBS) method that mimics the needle biopsy sampling process. We apply the VNBS method to the reconstructed digital liver volume at different tissue locations and angles. Additionally, we quantify Collagen Proportionate Area (CPA) in all resulting virtual needle biopsies in 2D and 3D. RESULTS The staging score of the center 2D longitudinal image plane from each 3D biopsy is used as the biopsy staging score, and the highest staging score of all sampled needle biopsies is the diagnostic staging score. The Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) in reference to the Scheuer and Ishak diagnostic staging scores are 0.22 and 1.00, respectively. The absolute Scheuer staging score difference in 22.22% of sampled biopsies is 1. By the Ishak staging method, 55.56% and 22.22% of sampled biopsies present score difference 1 and 2, respectively. There are 4 (Scheuer) and 6 (Ishak) out of 18 3D virtual needle biopsies with intra-needle variations. Additionally, we find a positive correlation between CPA and fibrosis stages by Scheuer but not Ishak method. Overall, CPA measures suffer large intra- and inter- needle variations. CONCLUSIONS The developed virtual liver needle biopsy sampling pipeline provides a computational avenue for investigating needle biopsy sampling bias with 3D virtual tissue volumes. This method can be applied to other tissue-based disease diagnoses where the needle biopsy sampling bias substantially affects the diagnostic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30303, GA, USA.
| | - Fusheng Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, USA.
| | - Yaobing Chen
- Institue of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30303, GA, USA; Precision MedCare INC, Atlanta, 30071, GA, USA.
| | - Shengdi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Alton B Farris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, GA, USA.
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30303, GA, USA.
| | - Jun Kong
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30303, GA, USA.
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5
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Wang CW, Lee YC, Khalil MA, Lin KY, Yu CP, Lien HC. Fast cross-staining alignment of gigapixel whole slide images with application to prostate cancer and breast cancer analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11623. [PMID: 35803996 PMCID: PMC9270377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint analysis of multiple protein expressions and tissue morphology patterns is important for disease diagnosis, treatment planning, and drug development, requiring cross-staining alignment of multiple immunohistochemical and histopathological slides. However, cross-staining alignment of enormous gigapixel whole slide images (WSIs) at single cell precision is difficult. Apart from gigantic data dimensions of WSIs, there are large variations on the cell appearance and tissue morphology across different staining together with morphological deformations caused by slide preparation. The goal of this study is to build an image registration framework for cross-staining alignment of gigapixel WSIs of histopathological and immunohistochemical microscopic slides and assess its clinical applicability. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first study to perform real time fully automatic cross staining alignment of WSIs with 40× and 20× objective magnification. The proposed WSI registration framework consists of a rapid global image registration module, a real time interactive field of view (FOV) localization model and a real time propagated multi-level image registration module. In this study, the proposed method is evaluated on two kinds of cancer datasets from two hospitals using different digital scanners, including a dual staining breast cancer data set with 43 hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) WSIs and 43 immunohistochemical (IHC) CK(AE1/AE3) WSIs, and a triple staining prostate cancer data set containing 30 H&E WSIs, 30 IHC CK18 WSIs, and 30 IHC HMCK WSIs. In evaluation, the registration performance is measured by not only registration accuracy but also computational time. The results show that the proposed method achieves high accuracy of 0.833 ± 0.0674 for the triple-staining prostate cancer data set and 0.931 ± 0.0455 for the dual-staining breast cancer data set, respectively, and takes only 4.34 s per WSI registration on average. In addition, for 30.23% data, the proposed method takes less than 1 s for WSI registration. In comparison with the benchmark methods, the proposed method demonstrates superior performance in registration accuracy and computational time, which has great potentials for assisting medical doctors to identify cancerous tissues and determine the cancer stage in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ching Lee
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad-Adil Khalil
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Yu
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Chun Lien
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liang CW, Chang RF, Fang PW, Chen CM. Improving Algorithm for the Alignment of Consecutive, Whole-Slide, Immunohistochemical Section Images. J Pathol Inform 2021; 12:29. [PMID: 34476109 PMCID: PMC8378454 DOI: 10.4103/jpi.jpi_106_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accurate and precise alignment of histopathology tissue sections is a key step for the interpretation of the proteome topology and cell level three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of diseased tissues. However, the realization of an automated and robust method for aligning nonglobally stained immunohistochemical (IHC) sections is still challenging. In this study, we aim to assess the feasibility of multidimensional graph-based image registration on aligning serial-section and whole-slide IHC section images. Materials and Methods: An automated, patch graph-based registration method was established and applied to align serial, whole-slide IHC sections at ×10 magnification (average 32,947 × 27,054 pixels). The alignment began with the initial alignment of high-resolution reference and translated images (object segmentation and rigid registration) and nonlinear registration of low-resolution reference and translated images, followed by the multidimensional graph-based image registration of the segmented patches, and finally, the fusion of deformed patches for inspection. The performance of the proposed method was formulated and evaluated by the Hausdorff distance between continuous image slices. Results: Sets of average 315 patches from five serial whole slide, IHC section images were tested using 21 different IHC antibodies across five different tissue types (skin, breast, stomach, prostate, and soft tissue). The proposed method was successfully automated to align most of the images. The average Hausdorff distance was 48.93 μm with a standard deviation of 14.94 μm, showing a significant improvement from the previously published patch-based nonlinear image registration method (average Hausdorff distance of 93.89 μm with 50.85 μm standard deviation). Conclusions: Our method was effective in aligning whole-slide tissue sections at the cell-level resolution. Further advancements in the screening of the proteome topology and 3D tissue reconstruction could be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cher-Wei Liang
- Department of Pathology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Feng Chang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,MOST Joint Research Center for AI Technology and All Vista Healthcare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wei Fang
- Department of Pathology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Min Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Merveille O, Lampert T, Schmitz J, Forestier G, Feuerhake F, Wemmert C. An automatic framework for fusing information from differently stained consecutive digital whole slide images: A case study in renal histology. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 208:106157. [PMID: 34091100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article presents an automatic image processing framework to extract quantitative high-level information describing the micro-environment of glomeruli in consecutive whole slide images (WSIs) processed with different staining modalities of patients with chronic kidney rejection after kidney transplantation. METHODS This four-step framework consists of: 1) approximate rigid registration, 2) cell and anatomical structure segmentation 3) fusion of information from different stainings using a newly developed registration algorithm 4) feature extraction. RESULTS Each step of the framework is validated independently both quantitatively and qualitatively by pathologists. An illustration of the different types of features that can be extracted is presented. CONCLUSION The proposed generic framework allows for the analysis of the micro-environment surrounding large structures that can be segmented (either manually or automatically). It is independent of the segmentation approach and is therefore applicable to a variety of biomedical research questions. SIGNIFICANCE Chronic tissue remodelling processes after kidney transplantation can result in interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) and glomerulosclerosis. This pipeline provides tools to quantitatively analyse, in the same spatial context, information from different consecutive WSIs and help researchers understand the complex underlying mechanisms leading to IFTA and glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odyssee Merveille
- ICube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS (UMR 7357), Strasbourg, France; Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1294, F-69100, LYON, France.
| | - Thomas Lampert
- ICube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS (UMR 7357), Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Friedrich Feuerhake
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; University Clinic, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cédric Wemmert
- ICube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS (UMR 7357), Strasbourg, France
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Wodzinski M, Müller H. DeepHistReg: Unsupervised Deep Learning Registration Framework for Differently Stained Histology Samples. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 198:105799. [PMID: 33137701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The use of several stains during histology sample preparation can be useful for fusing complementary information about different tissue structures. It reveals distinct tissue properties that combined may be useful for grading, classification, or 3-D reconstruction. Nevertheless, since the slide preparation is different for each stain and the procedure uses consecutive slices, the tissue undergoes complex and possibly large deformations. Therefore, a nonrigid registration is required before further processing. The nonrigid registration of differently stained histology images is a challenging task because: (i) the registration must be fully automatic, (ii) the histology images are extremely high-resolution, (iii) the registration should be as fast as possible, (iv) there are significant differences in the tissue appearance, and (v) there are not many unique features due to a repetitive texture. METHODS In this article, we propose a deep learning-based solution to the histology registration. We describe a registration framework dedicated to high-resolution histology images that can perform the registration in real-time. The framework consists of an automatic background segmentation, iterative initial rotation search and learning-based affine/nonrigid registration. RESULTS We evaluate our approach using an open dataset provided for the Automatic Non-rigid Histological Image Registration (ANHIR) challenge organized jointly with the IEEE ISBI 2019 conference. We compare our solution to the challenge participants using a server-side evaluation tool provided by the challenge organizers. Following the challenge evaluation criteria, we use the target registration error (TRE) as the evaluation metric. Our algorithm provides registration accuracy close to the best scoring teams (median rTRE 0.19% of the image diagonal) while being significantly faster (the average registration time is about 2 seconds). CONCLUSIONS The proposed framework provides results, in terms of the TRE, comparable to the best-performing state-of-the-art methods. However, it is significantly faster, thus potentially more useful in clinical practice where a large number of histology images are being processed. The proposed method is of particular interest to researchers requiring an accurate, real-time, nonrigid registration of high-resolution histology images for whom the processing time of traditional, iterative methods in unacceptable. We provide free access to the software implementation of the method, including training and inference code, as well as pretrained models. Since the ANHIR dataset is open, this makes the results fully and easily reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Wodzinski
- AGH University of Science and Technology Department of Measurement and Electronics Kraków, Poland.
| | - Henning Müller
- University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais) Information Systems Institute Sierre, Switzerland.
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Paknezhad M, Loh SYM, Choudhury Y, Koh VKC, Yong TTK, Tan HS, Kanesvaran R, Tan PH, Peng JYS, Yu W, Tan YB, Loy YZ, Tan MH, Lee HK. Regional registration of whole slide image stacks containing major histological artifacts. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:558. [PMID: 33276732 PMCID: PMC7718714 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-03907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High resolution 2D whole slide imaging provides rich information about the tissue structure. This information can be a lot richer if these 2D images can be stacked into a 3D tissue volume. A 3D analysis, however, requires accurate reconstruction of the tissue volume from the 2D image stack. This task is not trivial due to the distortions such as tissue tearing, folding and missing at each slide. Performing registration for the whole tissue slices may be adversely affected by distorted tissue regions. Consequently, regional registration is found to be more effective. In this paper, we propose a new approach to an accurate and robust registration of regions of interest for whole slide images. We introduce the idea of multi-scale attention for registration. Results Using mean similarity index as the metric, the proposed algorithm (mean ± SD \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$0.84 \pm 0.11$$\end{document}0.84±0.11) followed by a fine registration algorithm (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$0.86 \pm 0.08$$\end{document}0.86±0.08) outperformed the state-of-the-art linear whole tissue registration algorithm (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$0.81 \pm 0.15$$\end{document}0.81±0.15). The proposed algorithm also outperforms the state-of-the-art nonlinear registration algorithm (original: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$0.82 \pm 0.12$$\end{document}0.82±0.12, regional: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$0.77 \pm 0.22$$\end{document}0.77±0.22) for whole slide images and a recently proposed patch-based registration algorithm (patch size 256: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$0.79 \pm 0.16$$\end{document}0.79±0.16 , patch size 512: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$0.77 \pm 0.16$$\end{document}0.77±0.16) for medical images. Conclusion Using multi-scale attention mechanism leads to a more robust and accurate solution to the problem of regional registration of whole slide images corrupted in some parts by major histological artifacts in the imaged tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Paknezhad
- Imaging Informatics Division, Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, 07-01, Matrix, 138671, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Sheng Yang Michael Loh
- Imaging Informatics Division, Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, 07-01, Matrix, 138671, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yukti Choudhury
- Lucence Diagnostics, 217 Henderson Road, 03-08, Henderson Industrial Park, 159555, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos 09-01, 138669, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Timothy Tay Kwang Yong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Shan Tan
- Image and Pervasive Access Lab (IPAL), CNRS UMI 2955, 1 Fusionopolis Way, 138632, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ravindran Kanesvaran
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Weimiao Yu
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yongcheng Benjamin Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Zhen Loy
- Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min-Han Tan
- Lucence Diagnostics, 217 Henderson Road, 03-08, Henderson Industrial Park, 159555, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos 09-01, 138669, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hwee Kuan Lee
- Imaging Informatics Division, Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, 07-01, Matrix, 138671, Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, 119077, Singapore, Singapore.,Image and Pervasive Access Lab (IPAL), CNRS UMI 2955, 1 Fusionopolis Way, 138632, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Borovec J, Kybic J, Arganda-Carreras I, Sorokin DV, Bueno G, Khvostikov AV, Bakas S, Chang EIC, Heldmann S, Kartasalo K, Latonen L, Lotz J, Noga M, Pati S, Punithakumar K, Ruusuvuori P, Skalski A, Tahmasebi N, Valkonen M, Venet L, Wang Y, Weiss N, Wodzinski M, Xiang Y, Xu Y, Yan Y, Yushkevich P, Zhao S, Munoz-Barrutia A. ANHIR: Automatic Non-Rigid Histological Image Registration Challenge. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:3042-3052. [PMID: 32275587 PMCID: PMC7584382 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2020.2986331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Automatic Non-rigid Histological Image Registration (ANHIR) challenge was organized to compare the performance of image registration algorithms on several kinds of microscopy histology images in a fair and independent manner. We have assembled 8 datasets, containing 355 images with 18 different stains, resulting in 481 image pairs to be registered. Registration accuracy was evaluated using manually placed landmarks. In total, 256 teams registered for the challenge, 10 submitted the results, and 6 participated in the workshop. Here, we present the results of 7 well-performing methods from the challenge together with 6 well-known existing methods. The best methods used coarse but robust initial alignment, followed by non-rigid registration, used multiresolution, and were carefully tuned for the data at hand. They outperformed off-the-shelf methods, mostly by being more robust. The best methods could successfully register over 98% of all landmarks and their mean landmark registration accuracy (TRE) was 0.44% of the image diagonal. The challenge remains open to submissions and all images are available for download.
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11
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Barsoum I, Tawedrous E, Faragalla H, Yousef GM. Histo-genomics: digital pathology at the forefront of precision medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:203-212. [PMID: 30827078 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2018-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The toughest challenge OMICs face is that they provide extremely high molecular resolution but poor spatial information. Understanding the cellular/histological context of the overwhelming genetic data is critical for a full understanding of the clinical behavior of a malignant tumor. Digital pathology can add an extra layer of information to help visualize in a spatial and microenvironmental context the molecular information of cancer. Thus, histo-genomics provide a unique chance for data integration. In the era of a precision medicine, a four-dimensional (4D) (temporal/spatial) analysis of cancer aided by digital pathology can be a critical step to understand the evolution/progression of different cancers and consequently tailor individual treatment plans. For instance, the integration of molecular biomarkers expression into a three-dimensional (3D) image of a digitally scanned tumor can offer a better understanding of its subtype, behavior, host immune response and prognosis. Using advanced digital image analysis, a larger spectrum of parameters can be analyzed as potential predictors of clinical behavior. Correlation between morphological features and host immune response can be also performed with therapeutic implications. Radio-histomics, or the interface of radiological images and histology is another emerging exciting field which encompasses the integration of radiological imaging with digital pathological images, genomics, and clinical data to portray a more holistic approach to understating and treating disease. These advances in digital slide scanning are not without technical challenges, which will be addressed carefully in this review with quick peek at its future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivraym Barsoum
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eriny Tawedrous
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hala Faragalla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - George M Yousef
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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12
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Pichat J, Iglesias JE, Yousry T, Ourselin S, Modat M. A Survey of Methods for 3D Histology Reconstruction. Med Image Anal 2018; 46:73-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Rossetti BJ, Wang F, Zhang P, Teodoro G, Brat DJ, Kong J. DYNAMIC REGISTRATION FOR GIGAPIXEL SERIAL WHOLE SLIDE IMAGES. PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2017; 2017:424-428. [PMID: 28804569 PMCID: PMC5550903 DOI: 10.1109/isbi.2017.7950552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput serial histology imaging provides a new avenue for the routine study of micro-anatomical structures in a 3D space. However, the emergence of serial whole slide imaging poses a new registration challenge, as the gigapixel image size precludes the direct application of conventional registration techniques. In this paper, we develop a three-stage registration with multi-resolution mapping and propagation method to dynamically produce registered subvolumes from serial whole slide images. We validate our algorithm with gigapixel images of serial brain tumor sections and synthetic image volumes. The qualitative and quantitative assessment results demonstrate the efficacy of our approach and suggest its promise for 3D histology reconstruction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair J Rossetti
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Fusheng Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Pengyue Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - George Teodoro
- Department of Computer Science, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Daniel J Brat
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jun Kong
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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14
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Classification of Nuclei in Follicular Lyphoma Tissue Sections Using Different Stains and Bayesian Networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32703-7_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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15
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Lobachev O, Ulrich C, Steiniger BS, Wilhelmi V, Stachniss V, Guthe M. Feature-based multi-resolution registration of immunostained serial sections. Med Image Anal 2016; 35:288-302. [PMID: 27494805 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The form and exact function of the blood vessel network in some human organs, like spleen and bone marrow, are still open research questions in medicine. In this paper, we propose a method to register the immunohistological stainings of serial sections of spleen and bone marrow specimens to enable the visualization and visual inspection of blood vessels. As these vary much in caliber, from mesoscopic (millimeter-range) to microscopic (few micrometers, comparable to a single erythrocyte), we need to utilize a multi-resolution approach. Our method is fully automatic; it is based on feature detection and sparse matching. We utilize a rigid alignment and then a non-rigid deformation, iteratively dealing with increasingly smaller features. Our tool pipeline can already deal with series of complete scans at extremely high resolution, up to 620 megapixels. The improvement presented increases the range of represented details up to smallest capillaries. This paper provides details on the multi-resolution non-rigid registration approach we use. Our application is novel in the way the alignment and subsequent deformations are computed (using features, i.e. "sparse"). The deformations are based on all images in the stack ("global"). We also present volume renderings and a 3D reconstruction of the vascular network in human spleen and bone marrow on a level not possible before. Our registration makes easy tracking of even smallest blood vessels possible, thus granting experts a better comprehension. A quantitative evaluation of our method and related state of the art approaches with seven different quality measures shows the efficiency of our method. We also provide z-profiles and enlarged volume renderings from three different registrations for visual inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Lobachev
- Visual Computing of University Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Christine Ulrich
- Psychology of Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Birte S Steiniger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology of Philipps-University Marburg 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Verena Wilhelmi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology of Philipps-University Marburg 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Vitus Stachniss
- Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics of Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Guthe
- Visual Computing of University Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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16
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Lotz J, Olesch J, Muller B, Polzin T, Galuschka P, Lotz JM, Heldmann S, Laue H, Gonzalez-Vallinas M, Warth A, Lahrmann B, Grabe N, Sedlaczek O, Breuhahn K, Modersitzki J. Patch-Based Nonlinear Image Registration for Gigapixel Whole Slide Images. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 63:1812-1819. [PMID: 26625400 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2503122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Image registration of whole slide histology images allows the fusion of fine-grained information-like different immunohistochemical stains-from neighboring tissue slides. Traditionally, pathologists fuse this information by looking subsequently at one slide at a time. If the slides are digitized and accurately aligned at cell level, automatic analysis can be used to ease the pathologist's work. However, the size of those images exceeds the memory capacity of regular computers. METHODS We address the challenge to combine a global motion model that takes the physical cutting process of the tissue into account with image data that is not simultaneously globally available. Typical approaches either reduce the amount of data to be processed or partition the data into smaller chunks to be processed separately. Our novel method first registers the complete images on a low resolution with a nonlinear deformation model and later refines this result on patches by using a second nonlinear registration on each patch. Finally, the deformations computed on all patches are combined by interpolation to form one globally smooth nonlinear deformation. The NGF distance measure is used to handle multistain images. RESULTS The method is applied to ten whole slide image pairs of human lung cancer data. The alignment of 85 corresponding structures is measured by comparing manual segmentations from neighboring slides. Their offset improves significantly, by at least 15%, compared to the low-resolution nonlinear registration. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The proposed method significantly improves the accuracy of multistain registration which allows us to compare different antibodies at cell level.
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17
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Cooper LA, Kong J, Gutman DA, Dunn WD, Nalisnik M, Brat DJ. Novel genotype-phenotype associations in human cancers enabled by advanced molecular platforms and computational analysis of whole slide images. J Transl Med 2015; 95:366-76. [PMID: 25599536 PMCID: PMC4465352 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological advances in computing, imaging, and genomics have created new opportunities for exploring relationships between histology, molecular events, and clinical outcomes using quantitative methods. Slide scanning devices are now capable of rapidly producing massive digital image archives that capture histological details in high resolution. Commensurate advances in computing and image analysis algorithms enable mining of archives to extract descriptions of histology, ranging from basic human annotations to automatic and precisely quantitative morphometric characterization of hundreds of millions of cells. These imaging capabilities represent a new dimension in tissue-based studies, and when combined with genomic and clinical endpoints, can be used to explore biologic characteristics of the tumor microenvironment and to discover new morphologic biomarkers of genetic alterations and patient outcomes. In this paper, we review developments in quantitative imaging technology and illustrate how image features can be integrated with clinical and genomic data to investigate fundamental problems in cancer. Using motivating examples from the study of glioblastomas (GBMs), we demonstrate how public data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) can serve as an open platform to conduct in silico tissue-based studies that integrate existing data resources. We show how these approaches can be used to explore the relation of the tumor microenvironment to genomic alterations and gene expression patterns and to define nuclear morphometric features that are predictive of genetic alterations and clinical outcomes. Challenges, limitations, and emerging opportunities in the area of quantitative imaging and integrative analyses are also discussed.
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18
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Magee D, Song Y, Gilbert S, Roberts N, Wijayathunga N, Wilcox R, Bulpitt A, Treanor D. Histopathology in 3D: From three-dimensional reconstruction to multi-stain and multi-modal analysis. J Pathol Inform 2015; 6:6. [PMID: 25774317 PMCID: PMC4355830 DOI: 10.4103/2153-3539.151890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Light microscopy applied to the domain of histopathology has traditionally been a two-dimensional imaging modality. Several authors, including the authors of this work, have extended the use of digital microscopy to three dimensions by stacking digital images of serial sections using image-based registration. In this paper, we give an overview of our approach, and of extensions to the approach to register multi-modal data sets such as sets of interleaved histopathology sections with different stains, and sets of histopathology images to radiology volumes with very different appearance. Our approach involves transforming dissimilar images into a multi-channel representation derived from co-occurrence statistics between roughly aligned images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Magee
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- HeteroGenius Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Yi Song
- University College London, Camden, UK
| | - Stephen Gilbert
- Mathematical Cell Physiology Facility, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Ruth Wilcox
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Darren Treanor
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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