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Scuderi M, Dermol-Černe J, Batista Napotnik T, Chaigne S, Bernus O, Benoist D, Sigg DC, Rems L, Miklavčič D. Characterization of Experimentally Observed Complex Interplay between Pulse Duration, Electrical Field Strength, and Cell Orientation on Electroporation Outcome Using a Time-Dependent Nonlinear Numerical Model. Biomolecules 2023; 13:727. [PMID: 37238597 PMCID: PMC10216437 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is a biophysical phenomenon involving an increase in cell membrane permeability to molecules after a high-pulsed electric field is applied to the tissue. Currently, electroporation is being developed for non-thermal ablation of cardiac tissue to treat arrhythmias. Cardiomyocytes have been shown to be more affected by electroporation when oriented with their long axis parallel to the applied electric field. However, recent studies demonstrate that the preferentially affected orientation depends on the pulse parameters. To gain better insight into the influence of cell orientation on electroporation with different pulse parameters, we developed a time-dependent nonlinear numerical model where we calculated the induced transmembrane voltage and pores creation in the membrane due to electroporation. The numerical results show that the onset of electroporation is observed at lower electric field strengths for cells oriented parallel to the electric field for pulse durations ≥10 µs, and cells oriented perpendicular for pulse durations ~100 ns. For pulses of ~1 µs duration, electroporation is not very sensitive to cell orientation. Interestingly, as the electric field strength increases beyond the onset of electroporation, perpendicular cells become more affected irrespective of pulse duration. The results obtained using the developed time-dependent nonlinear model are corroborated by in vitro experimental measurements. Our study will contribute to the process of further development and optimization of pulsed-field ablation and gene therapy in cardiac treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Scuderi
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Dermol-Černe
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Batista Napotnik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastien Chaigne
- INSERM, CRCTB, U 1045, IHU Liryc, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Bernus
- INSERM, CRCTB, U 1045, IHU Liryc, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - David Benoist
- INSERM, CRCTB, U 1045, IHU Liryc, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniel C. Sigg
- Medtronic, Cardiac Ablation Solutions, Minneapolis, MN 55105, USA
| | - Lea Rems
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Clark A, Ghatak S, Guda PR, El Masry MS, Xuan Y, Sato AY, Bellido T, Sen CK. Myogenic tissue nanotransfection improves muscle torque recovery following volumetric muscle loss. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:63. [PMID: 36266362 PMCID: PMC9585072 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This work rests on our non-viral tissue nanotransfection (TNT) platform to deliver MyoD (TNTMyoD) to injured tissue in vivo. TNTMyoD was performed on skin and successfully induced expression of myogenic factors. TNTMyoD was then used as a therapy 7 days following volumetric muscle loss (VML) of rat tibialis anterior and rescued muscle function. TNTMyoD is promising as VML intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Clark
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Subhadip Ghatak
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Poornachander Reddy Guda
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mohamed S El Masry
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Yi Xuan
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Amy Y Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Center and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Scuderi M, Dermol-Černe J, Amaral da Silva C, Muralidharan A, Boukany PE, Rems L. Models of electroporation and the associated transmembrane molecular transport should be revisited. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 147:108216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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4
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Li Z, Xuan Y, Ghatak S, Guda PR, Roy S, Sen CK. Modeling the gene delivery process of the needle array-based tissue nanotransfection. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:3409-3421. [PMID: 36275042 PMCID: PMC9581438 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-3947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hollow needle array-based tissue nanotransfection (TNT) presents an in vivo transfection approach that directly translocate exogeneous genes to target tissues by using electric pulses. In this work, the gene delivery process of TNT was simulated and experimentally validated. We adopted the asymptotic method and cell-array-based model to investigate the electroporation behaviors of cells within the skin structure. The distribution of nonuniform electric field across the skin results in various electroporation behavior for each cell. Cells underneath the hollow microchannels of the needle exhibited the highest total pore numbers compared to others due to the stronger localized electric field. The percentage of electroporated cells within the skin structure, with pore radius over 10 nm, increases from 25% to 82% as the applied voltage increases from 100 to 150 V/mm. Furthermore, the gene delivery behavior across the skin tissue was investigated through the multilayer-stack-based model. The delivery distance increased nonlinearly as the applied voltage and pulse number increased, which mainly depends on the diffusion characteristics and electric conductivity of each layer. It was also found that the skin is required to be exfoliated prior to the TNT procedure to enhance the delivery depth. This work provides the foundation for transition from the study of murine skin to translation use in large animals and human settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Li
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yi Xuan
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Subhadip Ghatak
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Poornachander R. Guda
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Sachdev S, Potočnik T, Rems L, Miklavčič D. Revisiting the role of pulsed electric fields in overcoming the barriers to in vivo gene electrotransfer. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 144:107994. [PMID: 34930678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapies are revolutionizing medicine by providing a way to cure hitherto incurable diseases. The scientific and technological advances have enabled the first gene therapies to become clinically approved. In addition, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we are witnessing record speeds in the development and distribution of gene-based vaccines. For gene therapy to take effect, the therapeutic nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) need to overcome several barriers before they can execute their function of producing a protein or silencing a defective or overexpressing gene. This includes the barriers of the interstitium, the cell membrane, the cytoplasmic barriers and (in case of DNA) the nuclear envelope. Gene electrotransfer (GET), i.e., transfection by means of pulsed electric fields, is a non-viral technique that can overcome these barriers in a safe and effective manner. GET has reached the clinical stage of investigations where it is currently being evaluated for its therapeutic benefits across a wide variety of indications. In this review, we formalize our current understanding of GET from a biophysical perspective and critically discuss the mechanisms by which electric field can aid in overcoming the barriers. We also identify the gaps in knowledge that are hindering optimization of GET in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaurya Sachdev
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Potočnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lea Rems
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Politaeva N, Badenko V. Magnetic and electric field accelerate Phytoextraction of copper Lemna minor duckweed. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255512. [PMID: 34347844 PMCID: PMC8336833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In accordance with the opinion of the World Health Organization and the World Water Council the development of effective technologies for the treatment of wastewater from heavy metals for their discharge into water bodies or reuse is an urgent task nowadays. Phytoremediation biotechnologies is the most environmentally friendly and cheapest way of the treatment of wastewater, suitable for sustainable development principals. The main disadvantage of the phytoremediation is the slow speed of the process. A method for accelerating the process of phytoremediation by the combined effect of magnetic and weak electric fields is proposed. The purpose of this study is to determine the values of the parameters of the magnetic and weak electric fields that are most suitable for extracting cuprum ions from wastewater using the higher aqua plants (Lemna minor). A corresponding technological process based on the results of the study is proposed. The results have shown that the removal of copper cations from sulfate solutions effectively occurs in the initial period of time (1–5 hours) under the influence of a magnetic field with an intensity of H = 2 kA/m. Under the combined influence of an electrical current with density j = 240 μA/cm2 and a magnetic field (H = 2 kA/m) the highest rate of copper extraction by duckweed leaves is achieved. Under these conditions, the greatest growth and development of plant leaves occurs. The paper presents the results of determining of the parameters of the electrochemical release from the eluate of the spent phytomass of duckweed. It has been determined that the release of metal occurs at E = 0.32 V. An original scheme for wastewater treatment from copper with subsequent separation of copper from the spent phytomass of duckweed is proposed. In general, the presented results are a scientific justification of wastewater treatment technologies and a contribution to resolving the crisis in the field of fresh water supply. An important contribution in the circular economy is a technology recommendation proposed for recovering copper from duckweed after wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Politaeva
- Civil Engineering Institute, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Badenko
- Civil Engineering Institute, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
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7
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Mi Y, Xu J, Liu Q, Wu X, Zhang Q, Tang J. Single-cell electroporation with high-frequency nanosecond pulse bursts: Simulation considering the irreversible electroporation effect and experimental validation. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 140:107822. [PMID: 33915340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To study the electroporation characteristics of cells under high-frequency nanosecond pulse bursts (HFnsPBs), the original electroporation mathematical model was improved. By setting a threshold value for irreversible electroporation (IRE) and considering the effect of an electric field on the surface tension of a cell membrane, a mathematical model of electroporation considering the effect of IRE is proposed for the first time. A typical two-dimensional cell system was discretized into nodes using MATLAB, and a mesh transport network method (MTNM) model was established for simulation. The dynamic processes of single-cell electroporation and molecular transport under the application of 50 unipolar HFnsPBs with field intensities of 9 kV cm-1 and different frequencies (10 kHz, 100 kHz and 500 kHz) to the target system was simulated with a 300 s simulation time. The IRE characteristics and molecular transport were evaluated. In addition, a PI fluorescent dye assay was designed to verify the correctness of the model by providing time-domain and spatial results that were compared with the simulation results. The simulation achieved IRE and demonstrated the cumulative effects of multipulse bursts and intraburst frequency on irreversible pores. The model can also reflect the cumulative effect of multipulse bursts on reversible pores by introducing an assumption of stable reversible pores. The experimental results agreed qualitatively with the simulation results. A relative calibration of the fluorescence data gave time-domain molecular transport results that were quantitatively similar to the simulation results. This article reveals the cell electroporation characteristics under HFnsPBs from a mechanism perspective and has important guidance for fields involving the IRE of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical Science University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junying Tang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical Science University, Chongqing 400016, China
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8
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Brooks J, Minnick G, Mukherjee P, Jaberi A, Chang L, Espinosa HD, Yang R. High Throughput and Highly Controllable Methods for In Vitro Intracellular Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004917. [PMID: 33241661 PMCID: PMC8729875 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In vitro and ex vivo intracellular delivery methods hold the key for releasing the full potential of tissue engineering, drug development, and many other applications. In recent years, there has been significant progress in the design and implementation of intracellular delivery systems capable of delivery at the same scale as viral transfection and bulk electroporation but offering fewer adverse outcomes. This review strives to examine a variety of methods for in vitro and ex vivo intracellular delivery such as flow-through microfluidics, engineered substrates, and automated probe-based systems from the perspective of throughput and control. Special attention is paid to a particularly promising method of electroporation using micro/nanochannel based porous substrates, which expose small patches of cell membrane to permeabilizing electric field. Porous substrate electroporation parameters discussed include system design, cells and cargos used, transfection efficiency and cell viability, and the electric field and its effects on molecular transport. The review concludes with discussion of potential new innovations which can arise from specific aspects of porous substrate-based electroporation platforms and high throughput, high control methods in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Brooks
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Grayson Minnick
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Prithvijit Mukherjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Arian Jaberi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Lingqian Chang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Horacio D. Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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9
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Delso C, Martínez JM, Cebrián G, Álvarez I, Raso J. Understanding the occurrence of tailing in survival curves of Salmonella Typhimurium treated by pulsed electric fields. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 135:107580. [PMID: 32526677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to gain more in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms involved in microbial inactivation by pulsed electric fields (PEF) to understand the tailing observed in survival curves of Salmonella Typhimurium (STCC 878). The comparison of the inactivation achieved by the application of one train of pulses with those obtained with pulses applied in two trains shows that the tail of the survival curves was a consequence of a transient increment of the microbial resistance to the effect of the electric field in a proportion of the cells. After some time following the application of the first pulse train, cells became again sensitive to the second train, and tailing tended to disappear. The required time was highly dependent on the characteristics of the incubation medium. Similar effects were observed when the treatments were validated on whole milk and orange juice. This study has demonstrated by the first time on microbial cells the benefits of splitting the delivered PEF treatment in two trains with a period of delay between them. Therefore, this insight opens up the possibility of developing new strategies to achieve the required inactivation levels to guarantee food safety by moderate PEF treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Delso
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Martínez
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cebrián
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Álvarez
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Raso
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
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A Comprehensive Review of Calcium Electroporation -A Novel Cancer Treatment Modality. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020290. [PMID: 31991784 PMCID: PMC7073222 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium electroporation is a potential novel anti-cancer treatment where high calcium concentrations are introduced into cells by electroporation, a method where short, high voltage pulses induce transient permeabilisation of the plasma membrane allowing passage of molecules into the cytosol. Calcium is a tightly regulated, ubiquitous second messenger involved in many cellular processes including cell death. Electroporation increases calcium uptake leading to acute and severe ATP depletion associated with cancer cell death. This comprehensive review describes published data about calcium electroporation applied in vitro, in vivo, and clinically from the first publication in 2012. Calcium electroporation has been shown to be a safe and efficient anti-cancer treatment in clinical studies with cutaneous metastases and recurrent head and neck cancer. Normal cells have been shown to be less affected by calcium electroporation than cancer cells and this difference might be partly induced by differences in membrane repair, expression of calcium transporters, and cellular structural changes. Interestingly, both clinical data and preclinical studies have indicated a systemic immune response induced by calcium electroporation. New cancer treatments are needed, and calcium electroporation represents an inexpensive and efficient treatment with few side effects, that could potentially be used worldwide and for different tumor types.
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11
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García-Sánchez T, Leray I, Ronchetti M, Cadossi R, Mir LM. Impact of the number of electric pulses on cell electrochemotherapy in vitro: Limits of linearity and saturation. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 129:218-227. [PMID: 31200252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study the evolution in the efficiency of electrochemotherapy (reversible electroporation) with pulse number was assessed in vitro. Experiments were performed using 100 μs pulses at different electric field intensities and the chemotherapeutic agent bleomycin. Additionally, electrical impedance spectroscopy measurements were used as a different method to study in real time the changes produced on cells with pulse number during trains of consecutive pulses. Our results show that the relation between pulse number and the observed outcome is complex and difficult to fully characterize. This relation can display a highly linear behaviour up to a certain number of pulses and/or field intensity applied. However, the relation between the number of pulses and the observed outcome always evolves to a saturation or at least a reduction in the electric field effects that is displayed when either electric field intensity or pulse number are increased. An exponential model was found to best describe this relation within the range of experimental conditions considered. Electrical impedance measurements confirmed the results and gave a more precise quantification of this dependence. The study highlights the importance that pulse number has in the electrochemotherapy protocols and establishes some limits in the use of this parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás García-Sánchez
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France.
| | - Isabelle Leray
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Lluis M Mir
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
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12
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Mukherjee P, Nathamgari SSP, Kessler JA, Espinosa HD. Combined Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Localized Electroporation-Based Cell Transfection and Sampling. ACS NANO 2018; 12:12118-12128. [PMID: 30452236 PMCID: PMC6535396 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Localized electroporation has evolved as an effective technology for the delivery of foreign molecules into cells while preserving their viability. Consequently, this technique has potential applications in sampling the contents of live cells and the temporal assessment of cellular states at the single-cell level. Although there have been numerous experimental reports on localized electroporation-based delivery, a lack of a mechanistic understanding of the process hinders its implementation in sampling. In this work, we develop a multiphysics model that predicts the transport of molecules into and out of the cell during localized electroporation. Based on the model predictions, we optimize experimental parameters such as buffer conditions, electric field strength, cell confluency, and density of nanochannels in the substrate for successful delivery and sampling via localized electroporation. We also identify that cell membrane tension plays a crucial role in enhancing both the amount and the uniformity of molecular transport, particularly for macromolecules. We qualitatively validate the model predictions on a localized electroporation platform by delivering large molecules (bovine serum albumin and mCherry-encoding plasmid) and by sampling an exogeneous protein (tdTomato) in an engineered cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvijit Mukherjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - S. Shiva P. Nathamgari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - John A. Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Horacio D. Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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13
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Gowrishankar TR, Stern JV, Smith KC, Weaver JC. Nanopore occlusion: A biophysical mechanism for bipolar cancellation in cell membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1194-1199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Mescia L, Chiapperino MA, Bia P, Gielis J, Caratelli D. Modeling of Electroporation Induced by Pulsed Electric Fields in Irregularly Shaped Cells. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 65:414-423. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2771943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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High frequency electroporation efficiency is under control of membrane capacitive charging and voltage potential relaxation. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 119:92-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Jensen SD, Khorokhorina VA, Muratori C, Pakhomov AG, Pakhomova ON. Delayed hypersensitivity to nanosecond pulsed electric field in electroporated cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10992. [PMID: 28887559 PMCID: PMC5591300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10825-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that conditioning of mammalian cells by electroporation with nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) facilitates their response to the next nsPEF treatment. The experiments were designed to unambiguously separate the electroporation-induced sensitization and desensitization effects. Electroporation was achieved by bursts of 300-ns, 9 kV/cm pulses (50 Hz, n = 3-100) and quantified by propidium dye uptake within 11 min after the nsPEF exposure. We observed either sensitization to nsPEF or no change (when the conditioning was either too weak or too intense, or when the wait time after conditioning was too short). Within studied limits, conditioning never caused desensitization. With settings optimal for sensitization, the second nsPEF treatment became 2.5 times (25 °C) or even 6 times (37 °C) more effective than the same nsPEF treatment delivered without conditioning. The minimum wait time required for sensitization development was 30 s, with still longer delays increasing the effect. We show that the delayed hypersensitivity was not mediated by either cell swelling or oxidative effect of the conditioning treatment; biological mechanisms underlying the delayed electrosensitization remain to be elucidated. Optimizing nsPEF delivery protocols to induce sensitization can reduce the dose and adverse side effects of diverse medical treatments which require multiple pulse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Jensen
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Vera A Khorokhorina
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.,A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Obninsk, Kaluga region, Russia
| | - Claudia Muratori
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Olga N Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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17
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Ciobanu F, Golzio M, Kovacs E, Teissié J. Control by Low Levels of Calcium of Mammalian Cell Membrane Electropermeabilization. J Membr Biol 2017; 251:221-228. [PMID: 28823021 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electric pulses, when applied to a cell suspension, induce a reversible permeabilization of the plasma membrane. This permeabilized state is a long-lived process (minutes). The biophysical molecular mechanisms supporting the membrane reorganization associated to its permeabilization remain poorly understood. Modeling the transmembrane structures as toroidal lipidic pores cannot explain why they are long-lived and why their resealing is under the control of the ATP level. Our results describe the effect of the level of free Calcium ions. Permeabilization induces a Ca2+ burst as previously shown by imaging of cells loaded with Fluo-3. But this sharp increase is reversible even when Calcium is present at a millimolar concentration. Viability is preserved to a larger extent when submillimolar concentrations are used. The effect of calcium ions is occurring during the resealing step not during the creation of permeabilization as the same effect is observed if Ca2+ is added in the few seconds following the pulses. The resealing time is faster when Ca2+ is present in a dose-dependent manner. Mg2+ is observed to play a competitive role. These observations suggest that Ca2+ is acting not on the external leaflet of the plasma membrane but due to its increased concentration in the cytoplasm. Exocytosis will be enhanced by this Ca2+ burst (but hindered by Mg2+) and occurs in the electropermeabilized part of the cell surface. This description is supported by previous theoretical and experimental results. The associated fusion of vesicles will be the support of resealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Ciobanu
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,University Carol Davila, Bucarest, Romania
| | - Muriel Golzio
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Justin Teissié
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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18
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Ding X, Stewart M, Sharei A, Weaver JC, Langer RS, Jensen KF. High-throughput Nuclear Delivery and Rapid Expression of DNA via Mechanical and Electrical Cell-Membrane Disruption. Nat Biomed Eng 2017; 1. [PMID: 28932622 PMCID: PMC5602535 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear transfection of DNA into mammalian cells is challenging yet critical for many biological and medical studies. Here, by combining cell squeezing and electric-field-driven transport in a device that integrates microfluidic channels with constrictions and microelectrodes, we demonstrate nuclear delivery of plasmid DNA within 1 hour after treatment, the most rapid DNA expression in a high-throughput setting (up to millions of cells per minute per device). Passing cells at high speed through microfluidic constrictions smaller than the cell diameter mechanically disrupts the cell membrane, allowing a subsequent electric field to further disrupt the nuclear envelope and drive DNA molecules into the cytoplasm and nucleus. By tracking the localization of the ESCRT-III (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) protein CHMP4B, we show that the integrity of the nuclear envelope is recovered within 15 minutes of treatment. We also provide insight into subcellular delivery by comparing the performance of the disruption-and-field-enhanced method with those of conventional chemical, electroporation, and manual-injection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Ding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,The David Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,The David Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Armon Sharei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,The David Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James C Weaver
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert S Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,The David Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Klavs F Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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19
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Salimi E, Braasch K, Butler M, Thomson DJ, Bridges GE. Dielectrophoresis study of temporal change in internal conductivity of single CHO cells after electroporation by pulsed electric fields. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:014111. [PMID: 28289483 PMCID: PMC5315669 DOI: 10.1063/1.4975978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Applying sufficiently strong pulsed electric fields to a cell can permeabilize the membrane and subsequently affect its dielectric properties. In this study, we employ a microfluidic dielectrophoresis cytometry technique to simultaneously electroporate and measure the time-dependent dielectric response of single Chinese hamster ovary cells. Using experimental measurements along with numerical simulations, we present quantitative results for the changes in the cytoplasm conductivity of single cells within seconds after exposure to 100 μs duration pulsed electric fields with various intensities. It is shown that, for electroporation in a medium with conductivity lower than that of the cell's cytoplasm, the internal conductivity of the cell decreases after the electroporation on a time scale of seconds and stronger pulses cause a larger and more rapid decrease. We also observe that, after the electroporation, the cell's internal conductivity is constrained to a threshold. This implies that the cell prevents some of the ions in its cytoplasm from diffusing through the created pores to the external medium. The temporal change in the dielectric response of each individual cell is continuously monitored over minutes after exposure to pulsed electric fields. A time constant associated with the cell's internal conductivity change is observed, which ranges from seconds to tens of seconds depending on the applied pulse intensity. This experimental observation supports the results of numerical models reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Salimi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - K Braasch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - M Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - D J Thomson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - G E Bridges
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
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20
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Cell Electrosensitization Exists Only in Certain Electroporation Buffers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159434. [PMID: 27454174 PMCID: PMC4959715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation-induced cell sensitization was described as the occurrence of a delayed hypersensitivity to electric pulses caused by pretreating cells with electric pulses. It was achieved by increasing the duration of the electroporation treatment at the same cumulative energy input. It could be exploited in electroporation-based treatments such as electrochemotherapy and tissue ablation with irreversible electroporation. The mechanisms responsible for cell sensitization, however, have not yet been identified. We investigated cell sensitization dynamics in five different electroporation buffers. We split a pulse train into two trains varying the delay between them and measured the propidium uptake by fluorescence microscopy. By fitting the first-order model to the experimental results, we determined the uptake due to each train (i.e. the first and the second) and the corresponding resealing constant. Cell sensitization was observed in the growth medium but not in other tested buffers. The effect of pulse repetition frequency, cell size change, cytoskeleton disruption and calcium influx do not adequately explain cell sensitization. Based on our results, we can conclude that cell sensitization is a sum of several processes and is buffer dependent. Further research is needed to determine its generality and to identify underlying mechanisms.
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21
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Sözer EB, Wu YH, Romeo S, Vernier PT. Nanometer-Scale Permeabilization and Osmotic Swelling Induced by 5-ns Pulsed Electric Fields. J Membr Biol 2016; 250:21-30. [PMID: 27435216 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-016-9918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) permeabilize cell membranes. Although progress has been made toward an understanding of the mechanism of nsPEF-induced membrane poration, the dependence of pore size and distribution on pulse duration, strength, number, and repetition rate remains poorly defined experimentally. In this paper, we characterize the size of nsPEF-induced pores in living cell membranes by isosmotically replacing the solutes in pulsing media with polyethylene glycols and sugars before exposing Jurkat T lymphoblasts to 5 ns, 10 MV/m electric pulses. Pore size was evaluated by analyzing cell volume changes resulting from the permeation of osmolytes through the plasma membrane. We find that pores created by 5 ns pulses have a diameter between 0.7 and 0.9 nm at pulse counts up to 100 with a repetition rate of 1 kHz. For larger number of pulses, either the pore diameter or the number of pores created, or both, increase with increasing pulse counts. But the prevention of cell swelling by PEG 1000 even after 2000 pulses suggests that 5 ns, 10 MV/m pulses cannot produce pores with a diameter larger than 1.9 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esin B Sözer
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way. STE 300, Norfolk, VA, USA.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Wu
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stefania Romeo
- CNR - Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy
| | - P Thomas Vernier
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way. STE 300, Norfolk, VA, USA
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