A divide and conquer approach for construction of large-scale signaling networks from PPI and RNAi data using linear programming

MGT-SM: A Method for Constructing Cellular Signal Transduction Networks

A cellular signal transduction network is an important means to describe biological responses to environmental stimuli and exchange of biological signals. Constructing the cellular signal transduction network provides an important basis for the study of the biological activities, the mechanism of the diseases, drug targets and so on. The statistical approaches to network inference are popular in literature. Granger test has been used as an effective method for causality inference. Compared with bivariate granger tests, multivariate granger tests reduce the indirect causality and were used widely for the construction of cellular signal transduction networks. A multivariate Granger test requires that the number of time points in the time-series data is more than the number of nodes involved in the network. However, there are many real datasets with a few time points which are much less than the number of nodes in the network. In this study, we propose a new multivariate Granger test-based framework to construct cellular signal transduction network, called MGT-SM. Our MGT-SM uses SVD to compute the coefficient matrix from gene expression data and adopts Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the significance of directed edges in the constructed networks. We apply the proposed MGT-SM to Yeast Synthetic Network and MDA-MB-468, and evaluate its performance in terms of the recall and the AUC. The results show that MGT-SM achieves better results, compared with other popular methods (CGC2SPR, PGC, and DBN).

Construction of Signaling Pathways with RNAi Data and Multiple Reference Networks

Signaling networks are involved in almost all major diseases such as cancer. As a result of this, understanding how signaling networks function is vital for finding new treatments for many diseases. Using gene knockdown assays such as RNA interference (RNAi) technology, many genes involved in these networks can be identified. However, determining the interactions between these genes in the signaling networks using only experimental techniques is very challenging, as performing extensive experiments is very expensive and sometimes, even impractical. Construction of signaling networks from RNAi data using computational techniques have been proposed as an alternative way to solve this challenging problem. However, the earlier approaches are either not scalable to large scale networks, or their accuracy levels are not satisfactory. In this study, we integrate RNAi data given on a target network with multiple reference signaling networks and phylogenetic trees to construct the topology of the target signaling network. In our work, the network construction is considered as finding the minimum number of edit operations on given multiple reference networks, in which their contributions are weighted by their phylogenetic distances to the target network. The edit operations on the reference networks lead to a target network that satisfies the RNAi knockdown observations. Here, we propose two new reference-based signaling network construction methods that provide optimal results and scale well to large-scale signaling networks of hundreds of components. We compare the performance of these approaches to the state-of-the-art reference-based network construction method SiNeC on synthetic, semi-synthetic, and real datasets. Our analyses show that the proposed methods outperform SiNeC method in terms of accuracy. Furthermore, we show that our methods function well even if evolutionarily distant reference networks are used. Application of our methods to the Apoptosis and Wnt signaling pathways recovers the known protein-protein interactions and suggests additional relevant interactions that can be tested experimentally.

Identifying the topology of signaling networks from partial RNAi data

Background

Methods for inferring signaling networks using single gene knockdown RNAi experiments and reference networks have been proposed in recent years. These methods assume that RNAi information is available for all the genes in the signal transduction pathway, i.e., complete. This assumption does not always hold up since RNAi experiments are often incomplete and information for some genes is missing.

Results

In this article, we develop two methods to construct signaling networks from incomplete RNAi data with the help of a reference network. These methods infer the RNAi constraints for the missing genes such that the inferred network is closest to the reference network. We perform extensive experiments with both real and synthetic networks and demonstrate that these methods produce accurate results efficiently.

Conclusions

Application of our methods to Wnt signal transduction pathway has shown that our methods can be used to construct highly accurate signaling networks from experimental data in less than 100 ms. The two methods that produce accurate results efficiently show great promise of constructing real signaling networks.

Reconstruction of the temporal signaling network in Salmonella-infected human cells

Salmonella enterica is a bacterial pathogen that usually infects its host through food sources. Translocation of the pathogen proteins into the host cells leads to changes in the signaling mechanism either by activating or inhibiting the host proteins. Given that the bacterial infection modifies the response network of the host, a more coherent view of the underlying biological processes and the signaling networks can be obtained by using a network modeling approach based on the reverse engineering principles. In this work, we have used a published temporal phosphoproteomic dataset of Salmonella-infected human cells and reconstructed the temporal signaling network of the human host by integrating the interactome and the phosphoproteomic dataset. We have combined two well-established network modeling frameworks, the Prize-collecting Steiner Forest (PCSF) approach and the Integer Linear Programming (ILP) based edge inference approach. The resulting network conserves the information on temporality, direction of interactions, while revealing hidden entities in the signaling, such as the SNARE binding, mTOR signaling, immune response, cytoskeleton organization, and apoptosis pathways. Targets of the Salmonella effectors in the host cells such as CDC42, RHOA, 14-3-3δ, Syntaxin family, Oxysterol-binding proteins were included in the reconstructed signaling network although they were not present in the initial phosphoproteomic data. We believe that integrated approaches, such as the one presented here, have a high potential for the identification of clinical targets in infectious diseases, especially in the Salmonella infections.