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Wang N, Zhang H, Qiu X, Gerhard R, van Turnhout J, Cressotti J, Zhao D, Tang L, Cao Y. Recent Advances in Ferroelectret Fabrication, Performance Optimization, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400657. [PMID: 38719210 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The growing demand for wearable devices has sparked a significant interest in ferroelectret films. They possess flexibility and exceptional piezoelectric properties due to strong macroscopic dipoles formed by charges trapped at the interface of their internal cavities. This review of ferroelectrets focuses on the latest progress in fabrication techniques for high temperature resistant ferroelectrets with regular and engineered cavities, strategies for optimizing their piezoelectric performance, and novel applications. The charging mechanisms of bipolar and unipolar ferroelectrets with closed and open-cavity structures are explained first. Next, the preparation and piezoelectric behavior of ferroelectret films with closed, open, and regular cavity structures using various materials are discussed. Three widely used models for predicting the piezoelectric coefficients (d33) are outlined. Methods for enhancing the piezoelectric performance such as optimized cavity design, utilization of fabric electrodes, injection of additional ions, application of DC bias voltage, and synergy of foam structure and ferroelectric effect are illustrated. A variety of applications of ferroelectret films in acoustic devices, wearable monitors, pressure sensors, and energy harvesters are presented. Finally, the future development trends of ferroelectrets toward fabrication and performance optimization are summarized along with its potential for integration with intelligent systems and large-scale preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningzhen Wang
- School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - He Zhang
- School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xunlin Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Detection Technology, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Reimund Gerhard
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jan van Turnhout
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Cressotti
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Dong Zhao
- School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liang Tang
- School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Spelzhausen S, Ionian MR, Gerhard R, Plath R. Time-resolved measurement of space-charge evolution in dielectric films or slabs by means of repeatable laser-induced pressure pulses. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:055105. [PMID: 32486702 DOI: 10.1063/1.5142443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new variant of the Laser-Induced Pressure-Pulse (LIPP) method for repeatable, time-resolved space-charge profile measurements is proposed and demonstrated. Automated deposition of a fresh laser-target film before each illumination leads to good repeatability of the LIPP and thus allows for the detection of time-resolved changes in the space-charge distribution over many hours. We describe and discuss the experimental setup and its features, compare the repeatability of the LIPP measurements on the same sample without and with re-preparation of the test cell, and present the time-resolved evolution of the space-charge profile in a two-layer arrangement of a silicone-grease and a silicone-elastomer film as an example. Finally, the temperature dependence of the space-charge evolution during polarization under high voltage and during depolarization in short circuit is shown. Possible uses and future developments of the new LIPP approach are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Spelzhausen
- Technical University of Berlin, Einsteinufer 11, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - M-R Ionian
- Technical University of Berlin, Einsteinufer 11, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Gerhard
- University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - R Plath
- Technical University of Berlin, Einsteinufer 11, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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Material Properties Influencing the Charge Decay of Electret Filters and their Impact on Filtration Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030721. [PMID: 32213916 PMCID: PMC7183080 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Electret filters as opposed to mechanical filters display the enhanced ability to capture airborne particles with the electrostatic attraction. However, the environmental aging during shelf-life or use may cancel its benefit by dissipating the charges. This work investigates the polymeric attributes influencing the charge decay and the electrostatic filtration of electret filters, employing polymers with different dielectric constants (εr) and wettability. As accelerated aging, high temperature (120 °C) or high humidity (25 °C, 90% RH) was applied to the electret filters for 48 h. For the humidity aging, wetting property of material was a critical factor affecting the charge decay and the filtration performance, as the absorbed water increases the electrical conductivity. For the thermal aging, the material with the highest εr deteriorated the electric potential and the filtration performance by the largest extent, due to the lower band gap energy for charge transfer. The results of this study implicate that εr and wettability are important material parameters influencing the electric conductivity and chain mobility, and they can be used as convenient predictors for charge retention capacity affecting the robust electrostatic filtration performance.
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Darbaniyan F, Dayal K, Liu L, Sharma P. Designing soft pyroelectric and electrocaloric materials using electrets. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:262-277. [PMID: 30543261 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02003e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A temperature variation can electrically polarize a pyroelectric material. In its converse manifestation, the electrocaloric effect entails a change in temperature due to the application of an electric field. These phenomena have wide applications ranging from infrared detection sensors and solid-state refrigeration to energy harvesting. However, the pyroelectric-electrocaloric effect is typically observed in certain classes of hard, brittle crystalline materials that must satisfy a stringent set of lattice symmetry conditions. Some limited experiments have however demonstrated that embedding immobile charges and dipoles in soft foams (thus creating an electret state) may lead to a pyroelectric-like response as well as large deformations desired from soft matter. In this work, we develop a systematic theory for coupled electrical, thermal and mechanical responses of soft electrets. Using simple illustrative examples, we derive closed-form explicit expressions for the pyroelectric and electrocaloric coefficients of electrets. While pyroelectricity in electrets has been noted before, our derived expressions provide a clear quantitative basis to interpret (and eventually design) this effect as well as insights into how the geometrically nonlinear deformation and Maxwell stress give rise to its emergence. We present conditions to obtain a larger pyroelectric and electrocaloric response. In particular, the electrocaloric effect is predicted for the first time in such materials and we show that a proper design and a reasonable choice of materials can lead to a temperature reduction of as much as 1.5 K under the application of electrical fields of 10 MV cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Darbaniyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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Ko YS, Nüesch FA, Damjanovic D, Opris DM. An All-Organic Elastomeric Electret Composite. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603813. [PMID: 27783431 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Copolymer nanoparticles with a highly polar repeating unit are blended in an elastic matrix and poled at elevated temperatures. The composite exhibits piezoelectricity due to the overall polarization imparted by the particles, which can be easily modulated thanks to the soft matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Song Ko
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Überlandstr. 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux, Station 12, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank A Nüesch
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Überlandstr. 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux, Station 12, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dragan Damjanovic
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux, Station 12, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dorina M Opris
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Überlandstr. 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Le Gressus C, Blaise G. Breakdown phenomena related to trapping/detrapping processes in wide band gap insulators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1109/14.142709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Leal Ferreira G, Figueiredo M. Corona charging of electrets: models and results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1109/14.155789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ferreira GF, Gerhard-Multhaupt R. Derivation of response equations for the nondestructive probing of charge and polarization profiles. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1990; 42:7317-7321. [PMID: 9994871 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.42.7317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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West J, Wintle H, Berraissoul A, Sessler G. Space-charge distributions in electron-beam charged Mylar and Kapton films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1109/14.30900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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