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Farajpour N, Lastra LS, Sharma V, Freedman KJ. Measuring trapped DNA at the liquid-air interface for enhanced single molecule sensing. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5780-5790. [PMID: 33704302 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07759c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanopore sensing is a promising tool with widespread application in single-molecule detection. Borosilicate glass nanopores are a viable alternative to other solid-state nanopores due to low noise and cost-efficient fabrication. For dielectric materials, including borosilicate glass, the capacitive noise is one of the major contributors to noise, which depends on the wall thickness and the surface area submerged in an ionic solution. Here, we investigated the root mean square (IRMS) noise and ionic conductance for borosilicate nanopores in different depths (i.e., tip submersion depth) ranging from the solution surface (assumed to be zero) to 5000 μm. Our findings demonstrate a decrease in IRMS noise as the pipette moves toward the surface. We further demonstrate that borosilicate nanopores can detect single lambda DNA (λ-DNA) molecules with a high signal-to noise ratio close to the liquid-air interface. Specifically, our results indicate a higher signal to noise ratio as the submersion depth is reduced owing to the reduced surface area and thus capacitive noise. Further, our experimental results show higher DNA capture frequency at the air-water interface due to a combined effect of evaporation and an evaporation-induced thermal gradient at the surface. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that borosilicate glass nanopores are suitable for studying interfacial concentration gradients of molecules, specifically DNA, with a higher signal to noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Farajpour
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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2
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Choi W, Jeon ES, Chun KY, Kim YR, Park KB, Kim KB, Han CS. A low-noise silicon nitride nanopore device on a polymer substrate. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200831. [PMID: 30028848 PMCID: PMC6054398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a novel low-noise nanopore device employing a polymer substrate. The Si substrate of a fabricated Si-substrate-based silicon nitride (Si3N4) membrane was replaced with a polymer substrate. As such, laser machining was used to make a micro-size hole through the polyimide (PI) substrate, and a thin Si3N4 membrane was then transferred onto the PI substrate. Finally, a nanopore was formed in the membrane using a transmission electron microscope for detection of biomolecules. Compared to the Si-substrate-based device, the dielectric noise was greatly reduced and the root-mean-square noise level was decreased from 146.7 to 5.4 pA. Using this device, the translocation of double-strand deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected with a high signal/noise (S/N) ratio. This type of device is anticipated to be available for future versatile sequencing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Jeon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Yong Chun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Rok Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Beom Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Bum Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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Lee MH, Kumar A, Park KB, Cho SY, Kim HM, Lim MC, Kim YR, Kim KB. A low-noise solid-state nanopore platform based on a highly insulating substrate. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7448. [PMID: 25502421 PMCID: PMC4264027 DOI: 10.1038/srep07448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A solid-state nanopore platform with a low noise level and sufficient sensitivity to discriminate single-strand DNA (ssDNA) homopolymers of poly-A40 and poly-T40 using ionic current blockade sensing is proposed and demonstrated. The key features of this platform are (a) highly insulating dielectric substrates that are used to mitigate the effect of parasitic capacitance elements, which decrease the ionic current RMS noise level to sub-10 pA and (b) ultra-thin silicon nitride membranes with a physical thickness of 5 nm (an effective thickness of 2.4 nm estimated from the ionic current) are used to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio and the spatial depth resolution. The utilization of an ultra-thin membrane and a nanopore diameter as small as 1.5 nm allow the successful discrimination of 40 nucleotide ssDNA poly-A40 and poly-T40. Overall, we demonstrate that this platform overcomes several critical limitations of solid-state nanopores and opens the door to a wide range of applications in single-molecule-based detection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hyun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Ashvani Kumar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Beom Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Seong-Yong Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Lim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Young-Rok Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Ki-Bum Kim
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea [2] WCU Hybrid Materials Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Bruhn BR, Liu H, Schuhladen S, Hunt AJ, Mordovanakis A, Mayer M. Dual-pore glass chips for cell-attached single-channel recordings. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2410-7. [PMID: 24844315 PMCID: PMC4121072 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00370e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
While high-throughput planar patch-clamp instruments are now established to perform whole-cell recordings for drug screening, the conventional micropipette-based approach remains the gold standard for performing cell-attached single-channel recordings. Generally, planar platforms are not well-suited for such studies due to excess noise resulting from low seal resistances and the use of substrates with poor dielectric properties. Since these platforms tend to use the same pore to position a cell by suction and establish a seal, biological debris from the cell suspension can contaminate the pore surface prior to seal formation, reducing the seal resistance. Here, femtosecond laser ablation was used to fabricate dual-pore glass chips optimized for use in cell-attached single-channel recordings that circumvent this problem by using different pores to position a cell and to establish a seal. This dual-pore design also permitted the use of a relatively small patch aperture (D ~ 150 to 300 nm) that is better-suited for establishing high-resistance seals than the micropores used typically in planar patch-clamp setups (D ~ 1 to 2 μm) without compromising the ability of the device to position a cell. Taking advantage of the high seal resistances and low capacitive and dielectric noise realized using glass substrates, patch-clamp experiments with these dual-pore chips consistently achieved high seal resistances (rate of gigaseal formation = 61%, mean seal resistance = 53 GΩ), maintained gigaseals for prolonged durations (up to 6 hours), achieved RMS noise values as low as 0.46 pA at 5 kHz bandwidth, and enabled single-channel recordings in the cell-attached configuration that are comparable to those obtained by conventional patch-clamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Bruhn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Stava E, Shin HC, Yu M, Bhat A, Resto P, Seshadri A, Williams JC, Blick RH. Ultra-stable glass microcraters for on-chip patch clamping. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04978k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-sided laser ablation is used to form glass microcraters commensurate with the size of a cell. These microcraters allow for ultra-stable, low noise recordings of planar patch-clamped cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stava
- Institut für Angewandte Physik
- Universität Hamburg
- 20355 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Hyun Cheol Shin
- Materials Science Program
- University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Madison, USA
| | - Minrui Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Madison, USA
| | - Abhishek Bhat
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Madison, USA
| | - Pedro Resto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Madison, USA
- Mechanical Engineering Department
- University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez
| | - Arjun Seshadri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Madison, USA
| | - Justin C. Williams
- Materials Science Program
- University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Madison, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Robert H. Blick
- Institut für Angewandte Physik
- Universität Hamburg
- 20355 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Wisconsin–Madison
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Stava E, Yu M, Shin HC, Shin H, Kreft DJ, Blick RH. Rapid fabrication and piezoelectric tuning of micro- and nanopores in single crystal quartz. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:156-160. [PMID: 23142827 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40925a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We outline the fabrication of piezoelectric through-pores in crystalline quartz using a rapid micromachining process, and demonstrate piezoelectric deformation of the pore. The single-step fabrication technique combines ultraviolet (UV) laser irradiation with a thin layer of absorbing liquid in contact with the UV-transparent quartz chip. The effects of different liquid media are shown. We demonstrate that small exit pores, with diameters nearing the 193 nm laser wavelength and with a smooth periphery, can be achieved in 350 μm thick quartz wafers. Special crater features centring on the exit pores are also fabricated, and the depth of these craters are tuned. Moreover, by applying a voltage bias across the thickness of this piezoelectric wafer, we controllably contract and expand the pore diameter. We also provide a sample application of this device by piezoelectrically actuating alamethicin ion channels suspended over the deformable pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stava
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Stava E, Siyoung Choi, Hyun-Seok Kim, Blick RH. On-Chip Stochastic Resonance of Ion Channel Systems With Variable Internal Noise. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2012; 11:169-75. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2012.2188539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stava E, Yu M, Shin HC, Shin H, Rodriguez J, Blick RH. Mechanical actuation of ion channels using a piezoelectric planar patch clamp system. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:80-87. [PMID: 22015778 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20636b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening of ion channels is now possible with the advent of the planar patch clamp system. This system drastically increases the number of ion channels that can be studied, as multiple ion channel experiments can now be conducted in parallel. However, due to tedious, usually pressure-driven mechanotransduction techniques, there has been a slow integration of this technology into the field of mechanosensitive ion channels. By implementing a piezoelectric quartz substrate into a planar patch clamp system, we show that the patch clamp substrate itself can be used to mechanically actuate ion channels. The piezoelectric substrate transduces an external, applied electric field into a mechanical tension, so precise actuation of the membrane can be accomplished. By applying this electric field only to the outer edges of the substrate, no ulterior electric field is created in the vicinity of the membrane during actuation. Further, with resonant frequencies ranging from 1 kHz to 200 MHz, quartz substrates can be used to apply a wide range of time-varying tensions to cell membranes. This will allow for new and instructive investigations into the dynamic mechanotransductive properties of ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stava
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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