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Arkas M, Vardavoulias M, Kythreoti G, Giannakoudakis DA. Dendritic Polymers in Tissue Engineering: Contributions of PAMAM, PPI PEG and PEI to Injury Restoration and Bioactive Scaffold Evolution. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020524. [PMID: 36839847 PMCID: PMC9966633 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The capability of radially polymerized bio-dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers for medical applications is well established. Perhaps the most important implementations are those that involve interactions with the regenerative mechanisms of cells. In general, they are non-toxic or exhibit very low toxicity. Thus, they allow unhindered and, in many cases, faster cell proliferation, a property that renders them ideal materials for tissue engineering scaffolds. Their resemblance to proteins permits the synthesis of derivatives that mimic collagen and elastin or are capable of biomimetic hydroxy apatite production. Due to their distinctive architecture (core, internal branches, terminal groups), dendritic polymers may play many roles. The internal cavities may host cell differentiation genes and antimicrobial protection drugs. Suitable terminal groups may modify the surface chemistry of cells and modulate the external membrane charge promoting cell adhesion and tissue assembly. They may also induce polymer cross-linking for healing implementation in the eyes, skin, and internal organ wounds. The review highlights all the different categories of hard and soft tissues that may be remediated with their contribution. The reader will also be exposed to the incorporation of methods for establishment of biomaterials, functionalization strategies, and the synthetic paths for organizing assemblies from biocompatible building blocks and natural metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Arkas
- Institute of Nanoscience Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Gregoriou Street, 15310 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-650-3669
| | | | - Georgia Kythreoti
- Institute of Nanoscience Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Gregoriou Street, 15310 Athens, Greece
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2
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Moshirfar M, Henrie MK, Payne CJ, Ply BK, Ronquillo YC, Linn SH, Hoopes PC. Review of Presbyopia Treatment with Corneal Inlays and New Developments. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:2781-2795. [PMID: 36042913 PMCID: PMC9420445 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s375577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Presbyopia may represent the largest segment of refractive errors that is without an established and effective refractive surgery treatment. Corneal Inlays are materials (synthetic or allogenic) implanted in the stroma of patients’ corneas to improve presbyopia. These inlays, introduced into the United States in 2015 via the small-aperture corneal inlay (KAMRATM, SightLife Surgical/CorneaGen, Seattle, Washington, United States), were met with an initial wave of enthusiasm. Subsequent models like the shape-changing corneal inlay (RAINDROPTM, Revision Optics, Lake Forest, California, United States) offered excellent results for patients, but longer-term research raised questions about patient safety. At the time of this article, no synthetic corneal inlays are available in the United States for the correction of presbyopia. Other options for presbyopia correction include allograft corneal inlays, trifocal synthetic corneal inlays, pharmacologic therapies, scleral incisions or additive techniques and PresbyLASIK. Presently, allograft inlays consist of corneal lenticules removed from patients undergoing Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE). We will review corneal inlays and other alternative procedures that may provide effective and predictable treatments for patients with presbyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Moshirfar
- HDR Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT, USA
- John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Utah Lions Eye Bank, Murray, UT, USA
- Correspondence: Majid Moshirfar, HDR Research Center, Hoopes Vision, 11820 State St, Draper, UT, USA, Email
| | | | - Carter J Payne
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Briana K Ply
- HDR Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT, USA
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Shaikh A, Kesharwani P, Gajbhiye V. Dendrimer as a momentous tool in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. J Control Release 2022; 346:328-354. [PMID: 35452764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers have been comprehensively used for cargo delivery, nucleic acid delivery (genes, miRNA/siRNAs), delivery of macromolecules, and other various biomedical applications. Dendrimers are highly versatile in function and can be engineered as multifunctional biomacromolecules by modifying the surface for fulfilling different applications. Dendrimers are being used for crosslinking of existing synthetic and natural polymeric scaffolds to regulate their binding efficiency, stiffness, biocompatibility, transfection, and many other properties to mimic the in vivo extracellular matrix in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). Dendritic inter-cellular linkers can enhance the linkages between cells and result in scaffold-independent tissue constructs. Effectively engineered dendrimers are the ideal molecules for delivering bioactive molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, etc., and other metabolites for efficaciously regulating cell behavior. Dendrimeric nanostructures have shown tremendous results in various TERM fields like stem cells survival, osteogenesis, increased crosslinking for eye and corneal repair, and proliferation in cartilage. This review highlights the role and various aspects of dendritic polymers for TERM in general and with respect to specific tissues. This review also covers novel explorations and insights into the use of dendrimers in TERM, focusing on the developments in the past decade and perspective of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aazam Shaikh
- Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Virendra Gajbhiye
- Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
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Xie G, Du S, Huang Q, Mo M, Gao Y, Li M, Tao J, Zhang L, Zhu J. Photonic Hydrogels for Synergistic Visual Bacterial Detection and On-Site Photothermal Disinfection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5856-5866. [PMID: 35061361 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive diagnostics in the early stage of bacterial infection and immediate treatment play critical roles in the control of infectious diseases. However, it remains challenging to develop integrated systems with both rapid detection of bacterial infection and timely on-demand disinfection ability. Herein, we demonstrate a photonic hydrogel platform integrating visual diagnosis and on-site photothermal disinfection by incorporating Fe3O4@C nanoparticles into a poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-polyacrylamide (PHEMA-co-PAAm) matrix. In vitro experiments demonstrate that such a hydrogel can respond to pH variation caused by bacterial metabolism and generate the corresponding color changes to realize naked-eye observation. Meanwhile, its excellent photothermal conversion ability enables it to effectively kill bacteria by destroying cell membranes under near-infrared irradiation. Moreover, the pigskin infection wound model also verifies the bacterial detection performance and disinfection ability of the hydrogel in vivo. Our strategy demonstrates a new approach for visual diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Xie
- Key Lab of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuo Du
- Key Lab of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiuyi Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Min Mo
- Key Lab of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yujie Gao
- Key Lab of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Key Lab of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Juan Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lianbin Zhang
- Key Lab of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jintao Zhu
- Key Lab of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
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Khosravimelal S, Mobaraki M, Eftekhari S, Ahearne M, Seifalian AM, Gholipourmalekabadi M. Hydrogels as Emerging Materials for Cornea Wound Healing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006335. [PMID: 33887108 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel biomaterials have many favorable characteristics including tuneable mechanical behavior, cytocompatibility, optical properties suitable for regeneration and restoration of the damaged cornea tissue. The cornea is a tissue susceptible to various injuries and traumas with a complicated healing cascade, in which conserving its transparency and integrity is critical. Accordingly, the hydrogels' known properties along with the stimulation of nerve and cell regeneration make them ideal scaffold for corneal tissue engineering. Hydrogels have been used extensively in clinical applications for the repair and replacement of diseased organs. The development and optimizing of novel hydrogels to repair/replace corneal injuries have been the main focus of researches within the last decade. This research aims to critically review in vitro, preclinical, as well as clinical trial studies related to corneal wound healing using hydrogels in the past 10 years, as this is considered as an emerging technology for corneal treatment. Several unique modifications of hydrogels with smart behaviors have undergone early phase clinical trials and showed promising outcomes. Financially, this considers a multibillion dollars industry and with huge interest from medical devices as well as pharmaceutical industries with several products may emerge within the next five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadjad Khosravimelal
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Mohammadmahdi Mobaraki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran
| | - Samane Eftekhari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Mark Ahearne
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, D02 R590, Republic of Ireland
| | - Alexander Marcus Seifalian
- Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine Commercialization Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd), London BioScience Innovation Centre, London, NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
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Hancox Z, Heidari Keshel S, Yousaf S, Saeinasab M, Shahbazi MA, Sefat F. The progress in corneal translational medicine. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:6469-6504. [PMID: 33174878 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01209b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cornea tissue is in high demand by tissue donation centres globally, and thus tissue engineering cornea, which is the main topic of corneal translational medicine, can serve as a limitless alternative to a donated human cornea tissue. Tissue engineering aims to produce solutions to the challenges associated with conventional cornea tissue, including transplantation and use of human amniotic membrane (HAM), which have issues with storage and immune rejection in patients. Accordingly, by carefully selecting biomaterials and fabrication methods to produce these therapeutic tissues, the demand for cornea tissue can be met, with an improved healing outcome for recipients with less associated harmful risks. In this review paper, we aim to present the recent advancements in the research and clinical applications of cornea tissue, applications including biomaterial selection, fabrication methods, scaffold structure, cellular response to these scaffolds, and future advancements of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Hancox
- Department of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.
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Fuest M, Yam GHF, Mehta JS, Duarte Campos DF. Prospects and Challenges of Translational Corneal Bioprinting. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7030071. [PMID: 32640721 PMCID: PMC7552635 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal transplantation remains the ultimate treatment option for advanced stromal and endothelial disorders. Corneal tissue engineering has gained increasing interest in recent years, as it can bypass many complications of conventional corneal transplantation. The human cornea is an ideal organ for tissue engineering, as it is avascular and immune-privileged. Mimicking the complex mechanical properties, the surface curvature, and stromal cytoarchitecure of the in vivo corneal tissue remains a great challenge for tissue engineering approaches. For this reason, automated biofabrication strategies, such as bioprinting, may offer additional spatial control during the manufacturing process to generate full-thickness cell-laden 3D corneal constructs. In this review, we discuss recent advances in bioprinting and biomaterials used for in vitro and ex vivo corneal tissue engineering, corneal cell-biomaterial interactions after bioprinting, and future directions of corneal bioprinting aiming at engineering a full-thickness human cornea in the lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fuest
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (D.F.D.C.)
| | - Gary Hin-Fai Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
| | - Jodhbir S. Mehta
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore;
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Daniela F. Duarte Campos
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (D.F.D.C.)
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8
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Liang W, Luo Z, Zhou L. Preparation and characterization of the n-HA/PVA/CS porous composite hydrogel. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fuchs S, Shariati K, Ma M. Specialty Tough Hydrogels and Their Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901396. [PMID: 31846228 PMCID: PMC7586320 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have long been explored as attractive materials for biomedical applications given their outstanding biocompatibility, high water content, and versatile fabrication platforms into materials with different physiochemical properties and geometries. Nonetheless, conventional hydrogels suffer from weak mechanical properties, restricting their use in persistent load-bearing applications often required of materials used in medical settings. Thus, the fabrication of mechanically robust hydrogels that can prolong the lifetime of clinically suitable materials under uncompromising in vivo conditions is of great interest. This review focuses on design considerations and strategies to construct such tough hydrogels. Several promising advances in the proposed use of specialty tough hydrogels for soft actuators, drug delivery vehicles, adhesives, coatings, and in tissue engineering settings are highlighted. While challenges remain before these specialty tough hydrogels will be deemed translationally acceptable for clinical applications, promising preliminary results undoubtedly spur great hope in the potential impact this embryonic research field can have on the biomedical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fuchs
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Riley Robb Hall 322, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kaavian Shariati
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Riley Robb Hall 322, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Minglin Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Riley Robb Hall 322, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Liu Y, He W, Zhang Z, Lee BP. Recent Developments in Tough Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Gels 2018; 4:E46. [PMID: 30674822 PMCID: PMC6209285 DOI: 10.3390/gels4020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydrogel is a three-dimensional polymer network with high water content and has been attractive for many biomedical applications due to its excellent biocompatibility. However, classic hydrogels are mechanically weak and unsuitable for most physiological load-bearing situations. Thus, the development of tough hydrogels used in the biomedical field becomes critical. This work reviews various strategies to fabricate tough hydrogels with the introduction of non-covalent bonds and the construction of stretchable polymer networks and interpenetrated networks, such as the so-called double-network hydrogel. Additionally, the design of tough hydrogels for tissue adhesive, tissue engineering, and soft actuators is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Weilue He
- FM Wound Care LLC, Hancock, MI 49930, USA.
| | - Zhongtian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Bruce P Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
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Hodgson SM, McNelles SA, Abdullahu L, Marozas IA, Anseth KS, Adronov A. Reproducible Dendronized PEG Hydrogels via SPAAC Cross-Linking. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:4054-4059. [PMID: 28968079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A common issue with hydrogel formulations is batch-to-batch irreproducibility originating from poorly defined polymer precursors. Here, we report the use of dendritic polymer end-groups to address this issue and maintain reproducibility between batches of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. Specifically, we synthesized two end-functionalized PEG chains: one with azide-terminated first- and second-generation dendrons and the other with strained cyclooctynes. The two complementary azide and alkyne polymers react via strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) to produce hydrogels quickly in the absence of additional reagents or catalyst at low polymer concentrations. Hydrogels made with first-generation dendrons gelled in minutes and exhibited a small degree of swelling when incubated in PBS buffer at 37 °C, whereas hydrogels made from second-generation dendrons gelled in seconds with almost no swelling upon incubation at 37 °C. In both cases, the hydrogels proved reproducible, resulting in identical Young's modulus values from different batches. The hydrogels prepared with second-generation dendrons were seeded with human mesenchymal stem cells and showed high cell viability as well as cell spreading over a two-week time frame. These studies show that the SPAAC hydrogels are noncytotoxic and are capable of supporting cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Stuart A McNelles
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Leonora Abdullahu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Ian A Marozas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder , Jennie Smoly Caruthers Biotechnology Building, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder , Jennie Smoly Caruthers Biotechnology Building, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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Kaga S, Arslan M, Sanyal R, Sanyal A. Dendrimers and Dendrons as Versatile Building Blocks for the Fabrication of Functional Hydrogels. Molecules 2016; 21:497. [PMID: 27092481 PMCID: PMC6273238 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have emerged as a versatile class of polymeric materials with a wide range of applications in biomedical sciences. The judicious choice of hydrogel precursors allows one to introduce the necessary attributes to these materials that dictate their performance towards intended applications. Traditionally, hydrogels were fabricated using either polymerization of monomers or through crosslinking of polymers. In recent years, dendrimers and dendrons have been employed as well-defined building blocks in these materials. The multivalent and multifunctional nature of dendritic constructs offers advantages in either formulation or the physical and chemical properties of the obtained hydrogels. This review highlights various approaches utilized for the fabrication of hydrogels using well-defined dendrimers, dendrons and their polymeric conjugates. Examples from recent literature are chosen to illustrate the wide variety of hydrogels that have been designed using dendrimer- and dendron-based building blocks for applications, such as sensing, drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadik Kaga
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Arslan
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Yalova University, Yalova 77100, Turkey.
| | - Rana Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey.
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Istanbul, 34342, Turkey.
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey.
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Istanbul, 34342, Turkey.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the physical and biological characteristics of commercial gamma-irradiated corneas with those of fresh human corneas and to determine suitability for transplantation. METHODS The physical properties of gamma-irradiated and fresh corneas were evaluated with respect to light transmittance, hydration (swelling ratio), elastic modulus (compressive modulus by the indentation method), matrix organization (differential scanning calorimetry), and morphology (light and transmission electron microscopy). The biological properties of the gamma-irradiated cornea, including residual cell content and cellular biocompatibility, were evaluated by quantifying DNA content and measuring the proliferation rate of human corneal epithelial cells, respectively. RESULTS The hydration, light transmittance, elastic modulus, and proliferation rate of human corneal epithelial cells were not significantly different between fresh and gamma-irradiated corneas. However, differences were observed in tissue morphology, DNA content, and thermal properties. The density of collagen fibrils of the gamma-irradiated corneal sample (160.6 ± 33.2 fibrils/μm) was significantly lower than that of the fresh corneal sample (310.0 ± 44.7 fibrils/μm). Additionally, in the gamma-irradiated corneas, cell fragments-but not viable cells-were observed, supported by lower DNA content of the gamma-irradiated cornea (1.0 ± 0.1 μg/mg) than in fresh corneas (1.9 μg/mg). Moreover, the denaturation temperature of gamma-irradiated corneas (61.8 ± 1.1 °C) was significantly lower than that of fresh corneas (66.1 ± 1.9 °C). CONCLUSIONS Despite structural changes due to irradiation, the physical and biological properties of the gamma-irradiated cornea remain similar to the fresh cornea. These factors, combined with a decreased risk of rejection and longer shelf life, make the gamma-irradiated tissue a viable and clinically desired option in various ophthalmic procedures.
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Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency: Current Treatment Options and Emerging Therapies. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:9798374. [PMID: 26788074 PMCID: PMC4691643 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9798374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe ocular surface disease can result in limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), a condition leading to decreased visual acuity, photophobia, and ocular pain. To restore the ocular surface in advanced stem cell deficient corneas, an autologous or allogenic limbal stem cell transplantation is performed. In recent years, the risk of secondary LSCD due to removal of large limbal grafts has been significantly reduced by the optimization of cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation (CLET). Despite the great successes of CLET, there still is room for improvement as overall success rate is 70% and visual acuity often remains suboptimal after successful transplantation. Simple limbal epithelial transplantation reports higher success rates but has not been performed in as many patients yet. This review focuses on limbal epithelial stem cells and the pathophysiology of LSCD. State-of-the-art therapeutic management of LSCD is described, and new and evolving techniques in ocular surface regeneration are being discussed, in particular, advantages and disadvantages of alternative cell scaffolds and cell sources for cell based ocular surface reconstruction.
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Poly(methacrylic acid)-l
-Polyisobutylene Amphiphilic Conetworks by Using an Ethoxyethyl-Protected Comonomer: Synthesis, Protecting Group Removal in the Cross-Linked State, and Characterization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ozcelik B, Brown KD, Blencowe A, Ladewig K, Stevens GW, Scheerlinck JPY, Abberton K, Daniell M, Qiao GG. Biodegradable and biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogel films for the regeneration of corneal endothelium. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1496-507. [PMID: 24652807 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) are responsible for maintaining the transparency of the human cornea. Loss of CECs results in blindness, requiring corneal transplantation. In this study, fabrication of biocompatible and biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogel films (PHFs) for the regeneration and transplantation of CECs is described. The 50-μm thin hydrogel films have similar or greater tensile strengths to human corneal tissue. Light transmission studies reveal that the films are >98% optically transparent, while in vitro degradation studies demonstrate their biodegradation characteristics. Cell culture studies demonstrate the regeneration of sheep corneal endothelium on the PHFs. Although sheep CECs do not regenerate in vivo, these cells proliferate on the films with natural morphology and become 100% confluent within 7 d. Implantation of the PHFs into live sheep corneas demonstrates the robustness of the films for surgical purposes. Regular slit lamp examinations and histology of the cornea after 28 d following surgery reveal minimal inflammatory responses and no toxicity, indicating that the films are benign. The results of this study suggest that PHFs are excellent candidates as platforms for the regeneration and transplantation of CECs as a result of their favorable biocompatibility, degradability, mechanical, and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkay Ozcelik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Karl D. Brown
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA); Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, Peter Howson Wing; Victoria 3002 Australia
| | - Anton Blencowe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Katharina Ladewig
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Geoffrey W. Stevens
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | | | - Keren Abberton
- O'Brien Institute; Fitzroy St, Fitzroy Victoria 3065 Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Surgery; St. Vincent's Hospital; Fitzroy St Fitzroy Victoria 3065 Australia
| | - Mark Daniell
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA); Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, Peter Howson Wing; Victoria 3002 Australia
| | - Greg G. Qiao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
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Hassan E, Deshpande P, Claeyssens F, Rimmer S, MacNeil S. Amine functional hydrogels as selective substrates for corneal epithelialization. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3029-37. [PMID: 24607855 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a synthetic hydrogel to act as a corneal substitute capable of selectively supporting the adhesion and proliferation of limbal epithelial cells (LECs) while inhibiting growth of limbal fibroblasts. Deficiency of LECs causes conjunctival epithelial cells to move over the cornea, producing a thick scar pannus. Unilateral defects can be treated using LEC cultured from the unaffected eye, transplanting them to the affected cornea after scar tissue is removed. The underlying wound bed is often damaged, however, hence the need to develop a corneal inlay to aid in corneal re-epithelialization. Transparent epoxy-functional polymethacrylate networks were synthesized using a combination of glycerol monomethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, lauryl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate that produced two different bulk hydrogel compositions with different equilibrium water contents (EWCs): Base 1 and Base 2, EWC=55% and 35%, respectively. Two sets of amine-functional hydrogels were produced following reaction of the epoxide groups with excesses of either ammonia, 1,2-diamino ethane, 1,3-diamino propane, 1,4-diamino butane or 1,6-diamino hexane. Neither series of hydrogels supported the proliferation of limbal fibroblasts irrespective of amine functionalization but they both supported the adhesion and proliferation of limbal epithelial cells, particularly when functionalized with 1,4-diamino butane. With Base 1 hydrogels (less so with Base 2) a vigorous epithelial outgrowth was seen from small limbal explants and a confluent epithelial layer was achieved in vitro within 6days. The data support the development of hydrogels specific for epithelial formation.
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Feng Y, Borrelli M, Reichl S, Schrader S, Geerling G. Review of alternative carrier materials for ocular surface reconstruction. Curr Eye Res 2014; 39:541-52. [PMID: 24405104 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.853803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe ocular surface disorders can result in deficiency of limbal stem cells that is potentially associated with chronic inflammation, impaired vision and even blindness. Advanced stem cells deficiency requires reconstruction of the OS with autologous or allogeneic limbal stem cells. To address such deficiency, a limbal tissue biopsy is taken and limbal cells are expanded on a carrier, which then can be used for OS reconstruction. Human amniotic membrane - currently the most common carrier for transplantation of limbal epithelial stem cells - has the downsides of carrying the risk of disease transmission, limited transparency, variable and unstable quality and low mechanical strength. This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the established carrier materials for limbal stem cell transplantation, as well as discussing emerging alternatives, including carriers based on collagen, fibrin, siloxane hydrogel contact lenses, poly(ε-caprolactone), gelatin-chitosan, silk fibroin, human anterior lens capsule, keratin, poly(lactide-co-glycolide), polymethacrylate, hydroxyethylmethacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) for their potential use in the treatment of limbal stem cell deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany and
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19
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Designing a gas foamed scaffold for keratoprosthesis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:3396-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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