Neural-Network-Based Event-Triggered Adaptive Control of Nonaffine Nonlinear Multiagent Systems With Dynamic Uncertainties

Distributed Estimator-Based Event-Triggered Neuro-Adaptive Control for Leader-Follower Consensus of Strict-Feedback Nonlinear Multiagent Systems

This article investigates the leader-follower consensus problem for strict-feedback nonlinear multiagent systems under a dual-terminal event-triggered mechanism. Compared with the existing event-triggered recursive consensus control design, the primary contribution of this article is the development of a distributed estimator-based event-triggered neuro-adaptive consensus control methodology. In particular, by introducing a dynamic event-triggered communication mechanism without continuous monitoring neighbors' information, a novel distributed event-triggered estimator in chain form is constructed to provide the leader's information to the followers. Subsequently, the distributed estimator is utilized to consensus control via backstepping design. To further decrease information transmission, a neuro-adaptive control and an event-triggered mechanism setting on the control channel are codesigned via the function approximate approach. A theoretical analysis shows that all the closed-loop signals are bounded under the developed control methodology, and the estimation of the tracking error asymptotically converges to zero, i.e., the leader-follower consensus is guaranteed. Finally, simulation studies and comparisons are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

Event-Triggered Adaptive Containment Control for Heterogeneous Stochastic Nonlinear Multiagent Systems

This article investigates the event-triggered adaptive containment control problem for a class of stochastic nonlinear multiagent systems with unmeasurable states. A stochastic system with unknown heterogeneous dynamics is established to describe the agents in a random vibration environment. Besides, the uncertain nonlinear dynamics are approximated by radial basis function neural networks (NNs), and the unmeasured states are estimated by constructing the NN-based observer. In addition, the switching-threshold-based event-triggered control method is adopted with the hope of reducing communication consumption and balancing system performance and network constraints. Moreover, we develop the novel distributed containment controller by utilizing the adaptive backstepping control strategy and the dynamic surface control (DSC) approach such that the output of each follower converges to the convex hull spanned by multiple leaders, and all signals of the closed-loop system are cooperatively semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded in mean square. Finally, we verify the efficiency of the proposed controller by the simulation examples.

Cooperative Containment Control for Multiagent Systems With Reduced-Order Protocols

This article addresses the problem of containment control for continuous-time multiagent systems. A containment error is first given to show the coordination between the outputs of leaders and followers. Then, an observer is designed based on the neighbor observable convex hull state. Under the assumption that the designed reduced-order observer is subject to external disturbances, a reduced-order protocol is designed to realize the containment coordination. In order to ensure the designed control protocol can achieve the effect of the main theories, a corresponding Sylvester equation is given with a novel approach which proves that the Sylvester equation is solvable. Finally, a numerical example is given to verify the validity of the main results.

Event-Triggered Guarantee Cost Control for Partially Unknown Stochastic Systems via Explorized Integral Reinforcement Learning Strategy

In this article, an integral reinforcement learning (IRL)-based event-triggered guarantee cost control (GCC) approach is proposed for stochastic systems which are modulated by randomly time-varying parameters. First, with the aid of the RL algorithm, the optimal GCC (OGCC) problem is converted into an optimal zero-sum game by solving a modified Hamilton-Jacobin-Isaac (HJI) equation of the auxiliary system. Moreover, in order to address the stochastic zero-sum game, we propose an on-policy IRL-based control approach involved by the multivariate probabilistic collocation method (MPCM), which can accurately predict the mean value of uncertain functions with randomly time-varying parameters. Furthermore, a novel GCC method, which combines the explorized IRL algorithm and MPCM, is designed to relax the restriction of knowing the system dynamics for the class of stochastic systems. On this foundation, for the purpose of reducing computation cost and avoiding the waste of resources, we propose an event-triggered GCC approach involved with explorized IRL and MPCM by utilizing critic-actor-disturbance neural networks (NNs). Meanwhile, the weight vectors of three NNs are updated simultaneously and aperiodically according to the designed triggering condition. The ultimate boundedness (UB) properties of the controlled systems have been proved by means of the Lyapunov theorem. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed GCC algorithms is illustrated via two simulation examples.

Distributed Optimal Attitude Synchronization Control of Multiple QUAVs via Adaptive Dynamic Programming

This article proposes a distributed optimal attitude synchronization control strategy for multiple quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (QUAVs) through the adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) algorithm. The attitude systems of QUAVs are modeled as affine nominal systems subject to parameter uncertainties and external disturbances. Considering attitude constraints in complex flying environments, a one-to-one mapping technique is utilized to transform the constrained systems into equivalent unconstrained systems. An improved nonquadratic cost function is constructed for each QUAV, which reflects the requirements of robustness and the constraints of control input simultaneously. To overcome the issue that the persistence of excitation (PE) condition is difficult to meet, a novel tuning rule of critic neural network (NN) weights is developed via the concurrent learning (CL) technique. In terms of the Lyapunov stability theorem, the stability of the closed-loop system and the convergence of critic NN weights are proved. Finally, simulation results on multiple QUAVs show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Submission to Special Issue to Explainable Representation Learning-Based Intelligent Inspection and Maintenance of Complex Systems: Synchronization of Inertial Neural Networks With Unbounded Delays via Sampled-Data Control

This article addresses the synchronization issue for inertial neural networks (INNs) with heterogeneous time-varying delays and unbounded distributed delays, in which the state quantization is considered. First, by fully considering the delay and sampling time point information, a modified looped-functional is proposed for the synchronization error system. Compared with the existing Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (LKF), the proposed functional contains the sawtooth structure term V8(t) and the time-varying terms ex(t-βħ (t)) and ey(t-βħ (t)) . Then, the obtained constraints may be further relaxed. Based on the functional and integral inequality, less conservative synchronization criteria are derived as the basis of controller design. In addition, the required quantized sampled-data controller is proposed by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, two numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed scheme in this article.

Observer-Based Neural Control of N-Link Flexible-Joint Robots

This article concentrates on the adaptive neural control approach of n -link flexible-joint electrically driven robots. The presented control method only needs to know the position and armature current information of the flexible-joint manipulator. An adaptive observer is designed to estimate the velocities of links and motors, and radial basis function neural networks are applied to approximate the unknown nonlinearities. Based on the backstepping technique and the Lyapunov stability theory, the observer-based neural control issue is addressed by relying on uplink-event-triggered states only. It is demonstrated that all signals are semi-globally ultimately uniformly bounded and the tracking errors can converge to a small neighborhood of zero. Finally, simulation results are shown to validate the designed event-triggered control strategy.

Data-Knowledge-Driven Self-Organizing Fuzzy Neural Network

Fuzzy neural networks (FNNs) hold the advantages of knowledge leveraging and adaptive learning, which have been widely used in nonlinear system modeling. However, it is difficult for FNNs to obtain the appropriate structure in the situation of insufficient data, which limits its generalization performance. To solve this problem, a data-knowledge-driven self-organizing FNN (DK-SOFNN) with a structure compensation strategy and a parameter reinforcement mechanism is proposed in this article. First, a structure compensation strategy is proposed to mine structural information from empirical knowledge to learn the structure of DK-SOFNN. Then, a complete model structure can be acquired by sufficient structural information. Second, a parameter reinforcement mechanism is developed to determine the parameter evolution direction of DK-SOFNN that is most suitable for the current model structure. Then, a robust model can be obtained by the interaction between parameters and dynamic structure. Finally, the proposed DK-SOFNN is theoretically analyzed on the fixed structure case and dynamic structure case. Then, the convergence conditions can be obtained to guide practical applications. The merits of DK-SOFNN are demonstrated by some benchmark problems and industrial applications.

Cooperative Differential Game-Based Distributed Optimal Synchronization Control of Heterogeneous Nonlinear Multiagent Systems

This article presents an online off-policy policy iteration (PI) algorithm using reinforcement learning (RL) to optimize the distributed synchronization problem for nonlinear multiagent systems (MASs). First, considering that not every follower can directly obtain the leader's information, a novel adaptive model-free observer based on neural networks (NNs) is designed. Moreover the feasibility of the observer is strictly proved. Subsequently, combined with the observer and follower dynamics, an augmented system and a distributed cooperative performance index with discount factors are established. On this basis, the optimal distributed cooperative synchronization problem changes into solving the numerical solution of the Hamilton-Jacobian-Bellman (HJB) equation. Finally, an online off-policy algorithm is proposed, which can be used to optimize the distributed synchronization problem of the MASs in real time based on measured data. In order to prove the stability and convergence of the online off-policy algorithm more conveniently, an offline on-policy algorithm whose stability and convergence are proved is given before the online off-policy algorithm is proposed. We give a novel mathematical analysis method for establishing the stability of the algorithm. The effectiveness of the theory is verified by simulation results.

Neuroadaptive Performance Guaranteed Control for Multiagent Systems With Power Integrators and Unknown Measurement Sensitivity

This article investigates the adaptive performance guaranteed tracking control problem for multiagent systems (MASs) with power integrators and measurement sensitivity. Different from the structural characteristics of existing results, the dynamic of each agent is a power exponential function. A method called adding a power integrator technique is introduced to guarantee that the consensus is achieved of the MASs with power integrators. Different from existing prescribed performance tracking control results for MASs, a new performance guaranteed control approach is proposed in this article, which can guarantee that the relative position error between neighboring agents can converge into the prescribed boundary within preassigned finite time. By utilizing the Nussbaum gain technique and neural networks, a novel control scheme is proposed to solve the unknown measurement sensitivity on the sensor, which successfully relaxes the restrictive condition that the unknown measurement sensitivity must be within a specific range. Based on the Lyapunov functional method, it is proven that the relative position error between neighboring agents can converge into the prescribed boundary within preassigned finite time. Finally, a simulation example is proposed to verify the availability of the control strategy.

Event-Based Finite-Time Neural Control for Human-in-the-Loop UAV Attitude Systems

This article focuses on the event-based finite-time neural attitude consensus control problem for the six-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems with unknown disturbances. It is assumed that the six-rotor UAV systems are controlled by a human operator sending command signals to the leader. A disturbance observer and radial basis function neural networks (RBF NNs) are applied to address the problems regarding external disturbances and uncertain nonlinear dynamics, respectively. In addition, the proposed finite-time command filtered (FTCF) backstepping method effectively manages the issue of "explosion of complexity," where filtering errors are eliminated by the error compensation mechanism. In addition, an event-triggered mechanism is considered to alleviate the communication burden between the controller and the actuator in practice. It is shown that all signals of the six-rotor UAV systems are bounded and the consensus errors converge to a small neighborhood of the origin in finite time. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

Adaptive Event-Triggered Time-Varying Output Bipartite Formation Containment of Multiagent Systems Under Directed Graphs

The time-varying output bipartite formation containment (TVOBFC) problem for linear multiagent systems (MASs) under directed graphs is an important problem. However, the methods in existing works rely on the global information of the MASs or do not use event-triggered communication. This article investigates two kinds of TVOBFC problems for heterogeneous linear MASs under signed digraphs by event-triggered communication. For the first case where leaders have the same dynamics, the innovative fully distributed event-triggered protocol for the follower is proposed. In this case, the followers form the preset formation shape. For the second case where leaders have different dynamics, the leaders are divided into two groups. One group can directly obtain the output information of the virtual leader, while the other group cannot. In order to make leaders achieve the formation shape and track the virtual leader, two kinds of innovative observers are designed for two kinds of leaders to estimate the state of the virtual leader, and the control protocol is designed for each leader based on the designed observers. Then, the control law for each follower is designed to solve the formation containment problem. Finally, two examples are introduced to illustrate the main results.

Integral BLF-Based Adaptive Neural Constrained Regulation for Switched Systems With Unknown Bounds on Control Gain

In this article, an integral barrier Lyapunov-function (IBLF)-based adaptive tracking controller is proposed for a class of switched nonlinear systems under the arbitrary switching rule, in which the unknown terms are approximated by radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs). The IBLF method is used to solve the problem of state constraint. This method constrains states directly and avoids the verification of feasibility conditions. In addition, a completely unknown control gain is considered, which makes it impossible to directly apply previous existing methods. To offset the effect of the unknown control gain, the lower bound of the control gain is added into the barrier Lyapunov function, and a regulating term is introduced into the controller. The proposed control strategy realizes three control objectives: 1) all the signals in the resulting system are bounded; 2) the system output tracks the reference signal to a arbitrarily small compact set; and 3) all the constraint conditions for system states are not violated. Finally, a simulation example is used to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Nonzero-Sum Game-Based Voltage Recovery Consensus Optimal Control for Nonlinear Microgrids System

Since most of the existing models based on the microgrids (MGs) are nonlinear, which could cause the controller oscillate, resulting in the excessive line loss, and the nonlinear could also lead to the controller design difficulty of MGs system. Therefore, this article researches the distributed voltage recovery consensus optimal control problem for the nonlinear MGs system with N -distributed generations (DGs), in the case of providing stringent real power sharing. First, based on the distributed cooperative control concept of multiagent systems and the critic neural networks (NNs), a novel distributed secondary voltage recovery consensus optimal control protocol is constructed via applying the backstepping technique and nonzero-sum (NZS) differential game strategy to realize the voltage recovery of island MGs. Meanwhile, the model identifier is established to reconstruct the unknown NZS games systems based on a three-layer NN. Then, a critic NN weight adaptive adjustment tuning law is proposed to ensure the convergence of the cost functions and the stability of the closed-loop system. Furthermore, according to Lyapunov stability theory, it is proven that all signals are uniform ultimate boundedness in the closed loop system and the voltage recovery synchronization error converges to an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the origin near. Finally, some simulation results in MATLAB illustrate the validity of the proposed control strategy.

Adaptive Neural Coordinated Control for Multiple Euler-Lagrange Systems With Periodic Event-Triggered Sampling

This article addresses the event-triggered coordinated control problem for multiple Euler-Lagrange systems subject to parameter uncertainties and external disturbances. Based on the event-triggered technique, a distributed coordinated control scheme is first proposed, where the neural network-based estimation method is incorporated to compensate for parameter uncertainties. Then, an input-based continuous event-triggered (CET) mechanism is developed to schedule the triggering instants, which ensures that the control command is activated only when some specific events occur. After that, by analyzing the possible finite-time escape behavior of the triggering function, the real-time data sampling and event monitoring requirement in the CET strategy is tactfully ruled out, and the CET policy is further transformed into a periodic event-triggered (PET) one. In doing so, each agent only needs to monitor the triggering function at the preset periodic sampling instants, and accordingly, frequent control updating is further relieved. Besides, a parameter selection criterion is provided to specify the relationship between the control performance and the sampling period. Finally, a numerical example of attitude synchronization for multiple satellites is performed to show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed coordinated control scheme.

Fully Distributed Dynamic Event-Triggered Bipartite Formation Tracking for Multiagent Systems With Multiple Nonautonomous Leaders

Considering that cooperative interactions and antagonistic interactions between neighboring agents may exist simultaneously in practice, this article studies the bipartite time-varying output formation tracking (BTVOFT) problems for homogeneous/heterogeneous multiagent systems with multiple nonautonomous leaders under switching communication networks. First, a full-dimensional observer-based nonsmooth distributed dynamic event-triggered (DDET) output feedback control scheme is proposed to ensure that BTVOFT is achieved, and the Zeno behavior is excluded. Note that the nonsmooth distributed control scheme requires global communication network information and may cause unexpected chattering effect, and the design cost of full-dimensional observer is relatively high. Thus, a reduced-dimensional observer-based continuous fully DDET scheme is proposed. Compared with the existing event-triggered schemes, the dynamic event-triggered scheme can ensure larger interevent times by introducing an additional internal dynamic variable. Finally, the effectiveness and performance of the theoretical results are validated by numerical simulations.

Adaptive Exponential Synchronization of Complex Networks With Nondifferentiable Time-Varying Delay

In recent years, the adaptive exponential synchronization (AES) problem of delayed complex networks has been extensively studied. Existing results rely heavily on assuming the differentiability of the time-varying delay, which is not easy to verify in reality. Dealing with nondifferentiable delay in the field of AES is still a challenging problem. In this brief, the AES problem of complex networks with general time-varying delay is addressed, especially when the delay is nondifferentiable. A delay differential inequality is proposed to deal with the exponential stability of delayed nonlinear systems, which is more general than the widely used Halanay inequality. Next, the boundedness of the adaptive control gain is theoretically proved, which is neglected in much of the literature. Then, the AES criteria for networks with general delay are established for the first time by using the proposed inequality and the boundedness of the control gain. Finally, an example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.

Neural-Network-Based Finite-Time Bipartite Containment Control for Fractional-Order Multi-Agent Systems

This article focuses on the adaptive bipartite containment control problem for the nonaffine fractional-order multi-agent systems (FOMASs) with disturbances and completely unknown high-order dynamics. Different from the existing finite-time theory of fractional-order system, a lemma is developed that can be applied to actualize the aim of finite-time bipartite containment for the considered FOMASs, in which the settling time and convergence accuracy can be estimated. Via applying the mean-value theorem, the difficulty of the controller design generated by the nonaffine nonlinear term is overcome. A neural network (NN) is employed to approximate the ideal input signal instead of the unknown nonaffine function, then a distributed adaptive NN bipartite containment control for the FOMASs is developed under the backstepping structure. It can be proved that the bipartite containment error under the proposed control scheme can achieve finite-time convergence even though the follower agents are subjected to completely unknown dynamic and disturbances. Finally, the feasibility and validity of the obtained results are exhibited by the simulation examples.

Action Mapping: A Reinforcement Learning Method for Constrained-Input Systems

Existing approaches to constrained-input optimal control problems mainly focus on systems with input saturation, whereas other constraints, such as combined inequality constraints and state-dependent constraints, are seldom discussed. In this article, a reinforcement learning (RL)-based algorithm is developed for constrained-input optimal control of discrete-time (DT) systems. The deterministic policy gradient (DPG) is introduced to iteratively search the optimal solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. To deal with input constraints, an action mapping (AM) mechanism is proposed. The objective of this mechanism is to transform the exploration space from the subspace generated by the given inequality constraints to the standard Cartesian product space, which can be searched effectively by existing algorithms. By using the proposed architecture, the learned policy can output control signals satisfying the given constraints, and the original reward function can be kept unchanged. In our study, the convergence analysis is given. It is shown that the iterative algorithm is convergent to the optimal solution of the HJB equation. In addition, the continuity of the iterative estimated Q -function is investigated. Two numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

Real-Time Leak Location of Long-Distance Pipeline Using Adaptive Dynamic Programming

In traditional leak location methods, the position of the leak point is located through the time difference of pressure change points of both ends of the pipeline. The inaccurate estimation of pressure change points leads to the wrong leak location result. To address it, adaptive dynamic programming is proposed to solve the pipeline leak location problem in this article. First, a pipeline model is proposed to describe the pressure change along pipeline, which is utilized to reflect the iterative situation of the logarithmic form of pressure change. Then, under the Bellman optimality principle, a value iteration (VI) scheme is proposed to provide the optimal sequence of the nominal parameter and obtain the pipeline leak point. Furthermore, neural networks are built as the VI scheme structure to ensure the iterative performance of the proposed method. By transforming into the dynamic optimization problem, the proposed method adopts the estimation of the logarithmic form of pressure changes of both ends of the pipeline to locate the leak point, which avoids the wrong results caused by unclear pressure change points. Thus, it could be applied for real-time leak location of long-distance pipeline. Finally, the experiment cases are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Guaranteeing Global Stability for Neuro-Adaptive Control of Unknown Pure-Feedback Nonaffine Systems via Barrier Functions

Most existing approximation-based adaptive control (AAC) approaches for unknown pure-feedback nonaffine systems retain a dilemma that all closed-loop signals are semiglobally uniformly bounded (SGUB) rather than globally uniformly bounded (GUB). To achieve the GUB stability result, this article presents a neuro-adaptive backstepping control approach by blending the mean value theorem (MVT), the barrier Lyapunov functions (BLFs), and the technique of neural approximation. Specifically, we first resort the MVT to acquire the intermediate and actual control inputs from the nonaffine structures directly. Then, neural networks (NNs) are adopted to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions, in which the compact sets for maintaining the approximation capabilities of NNs are predetermined actively through the BLFs. It is shown that, with the developed neuro-adaptive control scheme, global stability of the resulting closed-loop system is ensured. Simulations are conducted to verify and clarify the developed approach.

Fast and Smooth Composite Local Learning-Based Adaptive Control

Model structure representation and fast estimation of perturbations are two key research aspects in adaptive control. This work proposes a composite local learning adaptive control framework, which possesses fast and flexible approximation to system uncertainties and meanwhile smoothens control inputs. Local learning, which is a nonparametric regression approach, is able to automatically adjust the structure of approximator based on data distribution from the local region, but it is sensitive to the outliers and measurement noises. To tackle this problem, the regression filter technique is employed to attenuate the adverse effect of noises by smoothing the output response and state features. In addition, the stable integral adaptation is integrated into local learning framework to further enhance the system robustness and smoothness of the estimation. Through the online elimination of uncertainties, the nominal control performance is recovered when the plant encounters violent perturbations. Stability analysis and numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and benefits of the proposed control method. The proposed approach exhibits a promising performance in terms of rapid perturbation elimination and accurate tracking control.

Observer-Based Event-Triggered Adaptive Control for Nonlinear Multiagent Systems With Unknown States and Disturbances

Based on radial basis function neural networks (RBF NNs) and backstepping techniques, this brief considers the consensus tracking problem for nonlinear semi-strict-feedback multiagent systems with unknown states and disturbances. The adaptive event-triggered control scheme is introduced to decrease the update times of the controller so as to save the limited communication resources. To detect the unknown state, external disturbance, and reduce calculation workload, the state observer and disturbance observer as well as the first-order filter are first jointly constructed. It is shown that all the output signals of followers can uniformly track the reference signal of the leader and all the error signals are uniformly bounded. A simulation example is carried out to further prove the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

Data-Driven Finite-Horizon H∞ Tracking Control With Event-Triggered Mechanism for the Continuous-Time Nonlinear Systems

In this article, the neural network (NN)-based adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) event-triggered control method is presented to obtain the near-optimal control policy for the model-free finite-horizon H∞ optimal tracking control problem with constrained control input. First, using available input-output data, a data-driven model is established by a recurrent NN (RNN) to reconstruct the unknown system. Then, an augmented system with event-triggered mechanism is obtained by a tracking error system and a command generator. We present a novel event-triggering condition without Zeno behavior. On this basis, the relationship between event-triggered Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs (HJI) equation and time-triggered HJI equation is given in Theorem 3. Since the solution of the HJI equation is time-dependent for the augmented system, the time-dependent activation functions of NNs are considered. Moreover, an extra error is incorporated to satisfy the terminal constraints of cost function. This adaptive control pattern finds, in real time, approximations of the optimal value while also ensuring the uniform ultimate boundedness of the closed-loop system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed near-optimal control pattern is verified by two simulation examples.

Event-triggered tracking control for switched nonlinear systems

In this paper, we study the output tracking control problem based on the event-triggered mechanism for cascade switched nonlinear systems. Firstly, an integral controller based on event-triggered conditions is designed, and the output tracking error of the closed-loop system can converge to a bounded region under the switching signal satisfying the average dwell time. Secondly, it is proved that the proposed minimum inter-event interval always has a positive lower bound and the Zeno behavior is successfully avoided during the sampling process. Finally, the numerical simulation is given to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.

Observers-based event-triggered adaptive fuzzy backstepping synchronization of uncertain fractional order chaotic systems

In this paper, for a class of uncertain fractional order chaotic systems with disturbances and partially unmeasurable states, an observer-based event-triggered adaptive fuzzy backstepping synchronization control method is proposed. Fuzzy logic systems are employed to estimate unknown functions in the backstepping procedure. To avoid the explosion of the complexity problem, a fractional order command filter is designed. Simultaneously, in order to reduce the filter error and improve the synchronization accuracy, an effective error compensation mechanism is devised. In particular, a disturbance observer is devised in the case of unmeasurable states, and a state observer is established to estimate the synchronization error of the master-slave system. The designed controller can ensure that the synchronization error converges to a small neighborhood around the origin finally and all signals are semiglobal uniformly ultimately bounded, and meanwhile, it is conducive to avoiding Zeno behavior. Finally, two numerical simulations are given to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed scheme.

Event-Triggered Adaptive Neural Network Control for Stochastic Nonlinear Systems With State Constraints and Time-Varying Delays

In this article, we pay attention to develop an event-triggered adaptive neural network (ANN) control strategy for stochastic nonlinear systems with state constraints and time-varying delays. The state constraints are disposed by relying on the barrier Lyapunov function. The neural networks are exploited to identify the unknown dynamics. In addition, the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional is employed to counteract the adverse effect originating from time-varying delays. The backstepping technique is employed to design controller by combining event-triggered mechanism (ETM), which can alleviate data transmission and save communication resource. The constructed ANN control scheme can guarantee the stability of the considered systems, and the predefined constraints are not violated. Simulation results and comparison are given to validate the feasibility of the presented scheme.

Adaptive Output Feedback Fuzzy Fault-Tolerant Control for Nonlinear Full-State-Constrained Switched Systems

In this article, an output feedback adaptive fuzzy tracking control method for a class of switched uncertain nonlinear systems with actuator failures and full-state constraints is proposed under an arbitrary switching signal combining the dynamic surface technique. Since the state variables of the system under study are not measurable, a fuzzy observer is constructed to identify the unmeasured states. The actuator failures are considered in the system. To compensate this failure, a fault-tolerant controller is proposed. Moreover, each state needs to be kept within the constraints, so the tangent Barrier Lyapunov function is selected to solve the full-state constraint problem, and the unknown nonlinear function is approximated by fuzzy-logic systems (FLSs). We also proved that all signals in the closed-loop system are bounded. Furthermore, the states can be kept within the predetermined range even if the actuator fails. Finally, a simulation example is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Optimal Regulation Strategy for Nonzero-Sum Games of the Immune System Using Adaptive Dynamic Programming

This article investigates the optimal control strategy problem for nonzero-sum games of the immune system based on adaptive dynamic programming (ADP). First, the main objective is approximating a Nash equilibrium between the tumor cells and the immune cell population, which is governed through chemotherapy drugs and immunoagents guided by the mathematical growth model of the tumor cells. Second, a novel intelligent nonzero-sum games-based ADP is put forward to solve the optimization control problem by reducing the growth rate of tumor cells and minimizing chemotherapy drugs and immunotherapy drugs. Meanwhile, the convergence analysis and iterative ADP algorithm are specified to prove feasibility. Finally, simulation examples are listed to account for availability and effectiveness of the research methodology.

Hypersonic tracking control under actuator saturations via readjusting prescribed performance functions

Prescribed performance control (PPC) has been shown to be an effective tool in pursuing prescribed transient and steady-state specifications. Unfortunately, the existing PPC is incapable of handling the peaking of errors caused by actuator saturations, which is due to the short of the ability of readjusting the prescribed performance functions. In this article, we propose a novel PPC scheme, namely the readjusting-performance-function-based approach, for hypersonic flight vehicles subject to actuator saturations. A new sort of performance functions containing readjusting terms are developed to impose prescribed constraints on the velocity tracking error and the altitude tracking error. More specially, the prescribed performance functions can be adaptively readjusted to guarantee that tracking errors are always within them. This eliminates the singular problem that is usually encountered by traditional PPC. To deal with the actuator saturation problem, a novel compensated system (CS) is exploited for the velocity dynamics. Then, the CS is further extended to the altitude subsystem by reforming it as a high-order formulation. Besides the aforementioned baseline controllers, optimal control protocols are also addressed based on adaptive dynamic programming. Finally, comparison simulation results are given to verify the advantages.

Neural-Network-Based Immune Optimization Regulation Using Adaptive Dynamic Programming

This article investigates optimal regulation scheme between tumor and immune cells based on the adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) approach. The therapeutic goal is to inhibit the growth of tumor cells to allowable injury degree and maximize the number of immune cells in the meantime. The reliable controller is derived through the ADP approach to make the number of cells achieve the specific ideal states. First, the main objective is to weaken the negative effect caused by chemotherapy and immunotherapy, which means that the minimal dose of chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic drugs can be operational in the treatment process. Second, according to the nonlinear dynamical mathematical model of tumor cells, chemotherapy and immunotherapeutic drugs can act as powerful regulatory measures, which is a closed-loop control behavior. Finally, states of the system and critic weight errors are proved to be ultimately uniformly bounded with the appropriate optimization control strategy and the simulation results are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the cybernetics methodology.

Dynamic event-triggered adaptive finite-time consensus control for multi-agent systems with time-varying actuator faults

In this study, the adaptive finite-time leader-following consensus control for multi-agent systems (MASs) subjected to unknown time-varying actuator faults is reported based on dynamic event-triggering mechanism (DETM). Neural networks (NNs) are used to approximate unknown nonlinear functions. Command filter and compensating signal mechanism are introduced to alleviate the computational burden. Unlike the existing methods, by combining adaptive backstepping method with DETM, a novel finite time control strategy is presented, which can compensate the actuator efficiency successfully, reduce the update frequency of the controller and save resources. At the same time, under the proposed strategy, it is guaranteed that all followers can track the trajectory of the leader in the sense that consensus errors converge to a neighborhood of the origin in finite time, and all signals in the closed-loop system are bounded. Finally, the availability of the designed strategy is validated by two simulation results.

Full Information Control for Switched Neural Networks Subject to Fault and Disturbance

The article investigates full information control problem for switched neural networks subject to fault and disturbance. First, the main objective is realizing interval stability and zero tracking error under condition that neither of the neuron states' vectors including the plant and reference models is available. Second, the desired full information controller and neural networks' observer are designed to ensure observer-based dynamic error system mean-square exponentially stable with sufficient condition of strict weight H_∞ /H_- performance levels. Finally, we concentrate on stability analyses and fault tolerance for switched neural networks with fault accompanied by disturbance through linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), Lyapunov function, and average dwell time, discussing it according to different values of fault. Finally, simulation examples are listed to account for the availability and effectiveness of the research methodology.

Prescribed Performance Bipartite Consensus Control for Stochastic Nonlinear Multiagent Systems Under Event-Triggered Strategy

In this article, the event-triggered bipartite consensus problem for stochastic nonlinear multiagent systems (MASs) with unknown dead-zone input under the prescribed performance is studied. To surmount the influence of the dead-zone input, the dead-zone model is transformed into a linear term and a disturbance term. Meanwhile, the prescribed tracking performance is realized by developing a speed function, which means that all tracking errors of MASs can converge to a predefined set in a given finite time. Moreover, the unknown nonlinear dynamics are approximated by fuzzy-logic systems. By combining the dynamic surface approach and the Lyapunov stability theory, we design an adaptive event-triggered control algorithm, such that the bipartite consensus problem of stochastic nonlinear MASs can be achieved, and all signals are semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded in probability of the closed-loop systems. Finally, simulation examples are proposed to verify the feasibility of the algorithm.

Quantized Synchronization Control of Networked Nonlinear Systems: Dynamic Quantizer Design With Event-Triggered Mechanism

This article investigates the quantized control issue for synchronizing a networked nonlinear system. Due to limited energy and channel resources, the event-triggered control (ETC) method and input quantization are simultaneously taken into account in this article. First, a dynamic quantizer, which discretely adjusts its parameters online and possesses a finite quantization range, is introduced to achieve exact synchronization, rather than quasisynchronization. Next, a new distributed Zeno-free ETC strategy is proposed based on the dynamic quantizer. Then, two different situations, that is, the quantizer is designed with/without the network topology information, are, respectively, discussed. Synchronization criteria are, respectively, derived under such two circumstances by using the Lyapunov method. Finally, numerical examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the theoretical results.

Optimal Consensus Control Design for Multiagent Systems With Multiple Time Delay Using Adaptive Dynamic Programming

In this article, a novel data-based adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) method is presented to solve the optimal consensus tracking control problem for discrete-time (DT) multiagent systems (MASs) with multiple time delays. Necessary and sufficient conditions of the corresponding equivalent time-delay system are provided on the basis of the causal transformations. Benefitting from the construction of tracking error dynamics, the optimal tracking problem can be transformed into settling the Nash-equilibrium in the graphical game, which can be completed by solving the coupled Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) equations. An error estimator is introduced to construct the tracking error of the MASs only using the input and output (I/O) data. Therefore, the designed data-based ADP algorithm can minimize the cost functions and ensure the consensus of MASs without the knowledge of system dynamics. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Event-triggered prescribed settling time consensus control of uncertain nonlinear multiagent systems with given transient performance

Multiagent systems (MASs) are usually used in unmanned aerial vehicle formations, multi-manipulator coordinated, traffic vehicle control and other fields, which have attracted a lot of attention from scholars. In this research, with the help of the designed performance function, the nonlinear transformation of synchronization error is realized. And the synchronization error of MASs with given transient performance could converge to the predefined interval. According to the designed transformation function, a prescribed setting time consensus control is investigated with the advantages of Radial Basis Function Neural Networks (RBFNNs) in dealing with unknown functions. It guarantees that the MASs under consideration are uniformly bounded convergent. Furthermore, event-triggered mechanism is applied to relieve pressure of MASs' communication resources. Simulation results demonstrate its effectiveness.

Event-Triggered Adaptive Neural Network Tracking Control with Dynamic Gain and Prespecified Tracking Accuracy for a Class of Pure-Feedback Systems

This paper studies the event-triggered adaptive tracking control problem of a class of pure-feedback systems. Via the backstepping method and the neural network approximation with the central symmetric distribution, an event-triggered adaptive neural network controller is designed. In particular, a dynamic gain driven by the tracking error is introduced into the event-triggering mechanism. Then, by using the Lyapunov stability theory, the boundedness of all the closed-loop signals is proved, and the tracking error falls into a prespecified ϵ-neighbourhood of zero. Meanwhile, the Zeno behaviour is avoided. Finally, two simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

Tripolar Picture Fuzzy Ideals of BCK-Algebras

In this paper, we acquaint new kinds of ideals of BCK-algebras built on tripolar picture fuzzy structures. In fact, the notions of tripolar picture fuzzy ideal, tripolar picture fuzzy implicative ideal (commutative ideal) of BCK-algebra are introduced, and related properties are studied. Also, a relation among tripolar picture fuzzy ideal, and tripolar picture fuzzy implicative ideal is well-known. Furthermore, it is shown that a tripolar picture fuzzy implicative ideal of BCK-algebra may be a tripolar picture fuzzy ideal, but the converse is not correct in common. Further, it is obtained that in an implicative BCK-algebra, the converse of aforementioned statement is true. Finally, the opinion of tripolar picture fuzzy commutative ideal is given, and some useful properties are explored. Many examples are constructed to sport our study.

Neural Network Based Adaptive Event-Triggered Control for Quadrotor Unmanned Aircraft Robotics

With the aim of addressing the problem of the trajectory tracking control of quadrotor unmanned aircraft robots (UARs), in this study, we developed a neural network and event-triggering mechanism-based adaptive control scheme for a quadrotor UAR control system. The main technologies included this scheme are as follows. (1) Under the condition that only the quadrotor’s position information can be obtained, a modified high-gain state observer-based adaptive dynamic surface control (DSC) method was applied and the tracking control of quadrotor UARs was acquired. (2) An event-triggered mechanism for UARs was designed, in which the energy consumption was greatly reduced and the communication efficiency between the system and the control terminal was improved. (3) By selecting appropriate parameters, appropriate initial conditions for the adaptive laws, and establishing a high-gain state observer, a tracking performance of L∞ could be achieved. Finally, simulation results of the hardware-in-loop strategy are presented. The control method we propose here outperformed the traditional backstepping sliding mode control (BSMC) scheme.

Control of blood glucose induced by meals for type-1 diabetics using an adaptive backstepping algorithm

In this study, an adaptive backstepping method is proposed to regulate the blood glucose induced by meals for type-1 diabetic patients. The backstepping controller is used to control the blood glucose level and an adaptive algorithm is utilized to compensate for the blood glucose induced by meals. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing results in two different case studies: in the presence of actuator faults and the loss of control input for a short while during treatment. Effects of unannounced meals three times a day are investigated for a nominal patient in every case. It is argued that adaptive backstepping is the preferred control method in either case. The Lyapunov theory is used to prove the stability of the proposed method. Obtained results, indicated that the adaptive backstepping controller is stable, and the desired level of glucose concentration is being tracked efficiently.

Adaptive NN Controller of Nonlinear State-Dependent Constrained Systems With Unknown Control Direction

Various constraints commonly exist in most physical systems; however, traditional constraint control methods consider the constraint boundaries only relying on constant or time variable, which greatly restricts applying constraint control to practical systems. To avoid such conservatism, this study develops a new adaptive neural controller for the nonlinear strict-feedback systems subject to state-dependent constraint boundaries. The nonlinear state-dependent mapping is employed in each step of backstepping procedure, and the prescribed transient performance on tracking error and the constraints on system states are ensured without repeatedly verifying the feasibility conditions on virtual controllers. The radial basis function neural network (NN) with less parameters approach is introduced as an identifier to estimate the unknown system dynamics and reduce computation burden. For removing the effect of unknown control direction, the Nussbaum gain technique is integrated into controller design. Based on the Lyapunov analysis, the developed control strategy can ensure that all the closed-loop signals are bounded, and the constraints on full system states and tracking error are achieved. The simulation examples are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the developed control strategy.