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Ruggiero L, Carpi M, Minetti AE. Rocker-profile design shoes improve pendular energy recovery in walking with no effects on total mechanical work. J Biomech 2022; 144:111345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Hemmati F, Karimi MT, Hosseini SI, Mardani MA, Fadayevatan R. The effect of toe-only rocker sole shoes on gait variability of the elderly. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:2493-2498. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hemmati F, Karimi MT. The effect of rocker sole shoes on ground reaction force in the elderly. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2022; 236:988-993. [DOI: 10.1177/09544119221098529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with decreases in gait performance and mobility. Toe-only rocker sole is prescribed as a common shoe modification in restricted foot and ankle joints mobility. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of toe-only rocker sole shoes on the ground reaction force (GRF) in the elderly. Twenty-one older adults walked on a walkway equipped with one force plate under six different conditions including barefoot (BF), normal shoe (NS), and four types of toe-only rocker sole shoes (RS) with various degrees of rocker angle (RS10, RS20, RS30, and RS40). The peaks of the GRFs in three planes were obtained. Different rocker angles could affect GRF parameters. The first peak of GRF (FZ1) significantly increased with both RS30 and RS40 compared to BF, NS, RS10, and RS20. FZ1 significantly decreased with RS30 compared to RS40. The braking force (FX1) was significantly lower with NS compared to RS30 and RS40. FX1 was significantly higher with RS40 compared to the other shoe conditions. The propulsive force (FX2) significantly decreased during walking with BF compared to NS, RS20, RS30, and RS40. A higher FX2 was observed in RS40 than the other shoe conditions except RS30. Also, FX2 was significantly lower with RS10 compared to RS30. Increasing rocker angle may result in an increase in the peak magnitude of FZ1, FX1, FX2 in the elderly without any improvement in walking speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hemmati
- Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Karimi
- Rehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Lin-Wei Chen T, Wai-Chi Wong D, Peng Y, Wang Y, Kwan-Kei Wong I, Lam TK, Lam WK, Zhang M. The interaction effects of rocker angle and apex location in rocker shoe design on foot biomechanics and Achilles tendon loading. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2021.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Takahashi T, Nagase T, Akatsuka S, Nakanowatari T, Ohtsu H, Yoshida S, Makabe H, Ihashi K, Kanzaki H. Effects of restriction of forefoot rocker functions by immobilisation of metatarsophalangeal joints on kinematics and kinetics during walking. Foot (Edinb) 2021; 49:101743. [PMID: 33388213 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2020.101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to investigate the effects of restriction of forefoot rocker (FFR) functions by immobilisation of unilateral metatarsophalangeal joints (MPJs) on kinematic and kinetic factors during walking. METHODS Eighteen healthy young adults participated in this study. To immobilise the MPJs of the right leg, an aluminium sole plate (AS) was fixed on the sole of the foot. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected while each subject walked at a comfortable speed with the AS and without. RESULTS In the AS condition, the walking speed and contralateral step length were significantly decreased, and an asymmetrical centre of mass (COM) movement was observed. The range of plantarflexion motion and positive work by the ankle joint were decreased markedly during the late stance of the AS limb. In contrast, maximum hip and knee flexion angles in the swing phase of the AS limb and positive work by the bilateral hip joints over the gait cycle were increased. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that MPJ immobilisation may result in marked motion limitation of ankle plantarflexion and inhibition of push-off by the ankle joint despite no restrictions on the ankle joint. These changes may interfere with gait speed and a smooth and symmetrical COM shift during walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Takahashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 260 Kamiyanagi, Yamagata-city, Yamagata 990-2212, Japan
| | - Tokiko Nagase
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 260 Kamiyanagi, Yamagata-city, Yamagata 990-2212, Japan
| | - Seiya Akatsuka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 260 Kamiyanagi, Yamagata-city, Yamagata 990-2212, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nakanowatari
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 260 Kamiyanagi, Yamagata-city, Yamagata 990-2212, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohtsu
- Graduate School of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiosawa, Hachioji-city, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shinya Yoshida
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Makabe
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kouji Ihashi
- Preparing Section for New Faculty of Medical Science, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hideto Kanzaki
- Preparing Section for New Faculty of Medical Science, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City 960-1295, Japan.
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van Kouwenhove L, Verkerke GJ, Postema K, Dekker R, Hijmans JM. Effect of different forefoot rocker radii on lower-limb joint biomechanics in healthy individuals. Gait Posture 2021; 86:150-156. [PMID: 33725583 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies showed that rocker shoes with a stiff forefoot rocker profile significantly reduce peak plantar flexion moment at the ankle (PFM) and peak ankle dorsiflexion (DF). Both parameters are related to Achilles tendon and Plantar Fascia unloading. The shape of an outsole with a forefoot rocker is described with multiple rocker design parameters. The aim of this research is, to determine the relation between different forefoot rocker radii on peak DF and peak PFM at a self-selected walking speed. METHODS 10 participants walked in standard shoes and three experimental pairs of shoes with different forefoot rocker radii. Lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were collected while walking on an instrumented treadmill at preferred walking speed and analysed with Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) (α = .05; post-hoc α = .05/6). RESULTS Peak value analyses showed significant decreases in peak DF, peak PFM, and peak ankle power generation for the rocker conditions. No relevant significant differences were found in spatio-temporal parameters and total work at the ankle joint. SPM showed a significant decrease (% gait cycle) in DF (40-69 %), PFM (7-15 %; 41-68 %; 69-81 %), ankle power (10-15 %; 32-51 %; 55-64 %; 64-67 %; 72-80 %) and foot-to-horizontal angle (FHA) (0-4 %; 40-62 %; 92-100 %) and an increased shank-to-vertical angle (SVA) (44-84 %) for the rocker conditions. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that rocker shoes with a proximally placed apex significantly reduce DF and PFM during the third rocker compared with control shoes. This effect is mainly explained by a change in the FHA. Smaller radii cause the largest reductions in DF and PFM, so therefore, a uniform standardisation of the forefoot rocker radius is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van Kouwenhove
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - G J Verkerke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Twente, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - K Postema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Dekker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J M Hijmans
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Evangelopoulou E, Jones RK, Jameel M, Boyd P, Nester C. Effects of intermittent claudication due to arterial disease on pain-free gait. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 83:105309. [PMID: 33721726 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies of intermittent claudication gait report inconsistent outcomes. Changes in gait are often attributed to degradation of calf muscles, but causation has not been proven through real-time electromyographic data. Neither have effects of walking speed been fully considered. This study aimed to investigate the effect of intermittent claudication on kinematics, kinetics and muscle activity during pain-free gait. METHODS 18 able bodied individuals and 18 with intermittent claudication walked at their preferred speed while lower limb kinematic, kinetic and electromyography data were collected. FINDINGS People with intermittent claudication walk slower and with reduced step length. Internal ankle plantarflexion moment (P = 0.004, effect size = 0.96) and ankle power generation (P < 0.001, effect size = 1.36) in late stance were significantly reduced for individuals with intermittent claudication. Significant moment and power reductions at the knee and power reduction at hip occurred in early stance, with similar reductions in early and late stance for ground reaction forces. Peak electromyography of soleus activity was significantly reduced in late stance (P = 0.01, effect size = 1.1, n = 13). Effects were independent of walking speed. INTERPRETATION Reductions in ankle plantarflexion moments and power generation were consistent with reduced soleus electromyography activity and reduced peak vertical ground reaction forces during late stance. These effects are not due to a reduced walking speed. Changes in knee and hip function are also unrelated to walking speed. These outcomes provide a platform for the design and evaluation of interventions that seek to restore normal walking and improve pain-free walking distances for people with intermittent claudication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Evangelopoulou
- Centre for Health, Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences Research, University of Salford, Salford, UK.
| | - Richard K Jones
- Centre for Health, Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences Research, University of Salford, Salford, UK; School of Health & Society, University of Salford, Salford, UK.
| | - Mohideen Jameel
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal Albert Edward Infirmary, Wigan, UK; Wigan and Leigh NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Peter Boyd
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal Albert Edward Infirmary, Wigan, UK; Wigan and Leigh NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Chris Nester
- Centre for Health, Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences Research, University of Salford, Salford, UK; School of Health & Society, University of Salford, Salford, UK.
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Effect of rocker-sole footwear on knee joint biomechanics while walking in people with ACL-reconstructed knees: a cross-sectional biomechanical study. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0000000000000881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chan ZYS, Au IPH, Lau FOY, Ching ECK, Zhang JH, Cheung RTH. Does maximalist footwear lower impact loading during level ground and downhill running? Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1083-1089. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1472298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Y. S. Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ivan P. H. Au
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Fannie O. Y. Lau
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Eric C. K. Ching
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Janet H. Zhang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Roy T. H. Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Dhyani M, Singla D, Ahmad I, Hussain ME, Ali K, Verma S. Effect of Rocker Soled Shoe Design on Walking Economy in Females with Pes Planus. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:YC01-YC04. [PMID: 29207819 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/26129.10587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The energy cost is increased during walking in pes planus condition whereas, energy cost during walking using rocker bottom shoes is debatable. Aim To determine the walking economy with rocker soled shoes, when compared with bare feet walking in females with pes planus over treadmill. Materials and Methods Seventeen collegiate flat footed females aged 18-25 years were recruited in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects were asked to walk barefooted and with rocker soled shoes on treadmill for four minutes at a speed of 3.8 km/hour. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured directly using PowerLab 8/35 data acquisition system with Lab Chart Pro (AD Instruments, Australia) one minute before walking, four minutes during walking and one minute after walking. Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was taken after termination of walking. Results VO2 during barefoot walking was significantly lower than rocker soled shoe walking during four-five minutes (p<0.001) and during recovery (p=0.04). RPE is significantly lower during barefoot walking than rocker soled shoe walking (p<0.001) over treadmill. Conclusion Oxygen consumption and RPE were increased during walking with rocker soled shoe design in comparison to bare feet walking over treadmill at same speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvi Dhyani
- Researcher, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Singla
- Researcher, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Researcher, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India
| | - M Ejaz Hussain
- Professor and Director, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India
| | - Kamran Ali
- Researcher, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India
| | - Shalini Verma
- Researcher, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India
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Sobhani S, van den Heuvel ER, Dekker R, Postema K, Kluitenberg B, Bredeweg SW, Hijmans JM. Biomechanics of running with rocker shoes. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mojaver A, Arazpour M, Aminian G, Ahmadi Bani M, Bahramizadeh M, Sharifi G, Sherafatvaziri A. The effect of footwear adapted with a multi-curved rocker sole in conjunction with knee-ankle-foot orthoses on walking in poliomyelitis subjects: a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2016; 12:747-751. [DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2016.1260654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mojaver
- Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Commute, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mokhtar Arazpour
- Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Aminian
- Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Ahmadi Bani
- Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Bahramizadeh
- Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Guive Sharifi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Talaty M, Patel S, Esquenazi A. A Randomized Comparison of the Biomechanical Effect of Two Commercially Available Rocker Bottom Shoes to a Conventional Athletic Shoe During Walking in Healthy Individuals. J Foot Ankle Surg 2016; 55:772-6. [PMID: 27079303 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rocker bottom shoes have recently gained considerable popularity, likely in part because of the many purported benefits, including reducing joint loading and toning muscles. Scientific inquiry about these benefits has not kept pace with the increased usage of this shoe type. A fundamental premise of rocker bottom shoes is that they transform hard, flat, level surfaces into more uneven ones. Published studies have described a variety of such shoes-all having a somewhat rounded bottom and a cut heel region or a cut forefoot region, or both (double rocker). Despite the fundamentally similar shoe geometries, the reported effects of rocker bottom shoes on gait biomechanics have varied considerably. Ten healthy subjects agreed to participate in the present study and were given appropriately sized Masai Barefoot Technology (St. Louis, MO), Skechers(™) (Manhattan Beach, CA), and New Balance (Boston, MA) conventional walking shoes. After a 12-day accommodation period, the subjects walked wearing each shoe while 3-dimensional motion and force data were collected in the gait laboratory. The key findings included (1) increased trunk flexion, decreased ankle plantarflexion range, and reduced plantarflexion moment in the early stance; (2) increased ankle dorsiflexion and knee flexor moment in the midstance; (3) decreased peak ankle plantarflexion in the late stance; and (4) decreased ankle plantarflexion and decreased hip flexor and knee extensor moments in the pre-swing and into swing phase. The walking speed was unconstrained and was maintained across all shoe types. A biomechanical explanation is suggested for the observed changes. Suggestions for cautions are provided for using rocker bottom shoes in patients with neuromuscular insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Talaty
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, MossRehab, Elkins Park, PA; The Pennsylvania State University, Abington College, Abington, PA
| | - Sona Patel
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ
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Sobhani S, Zwerver J, van den Heuvel E, Postema K, Dekker R, Hijmans JM. Rocker shoes reduce Achilles tendon load in running and walking in patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 18:133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Forghany S, Nester CJ, Richards B, Hatton AL, Liu A. Rollover footwear affects lower limb biomechanics during walking. Gait Posture 2014; 39:205-12. [PMID: 23910726 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of rollover footwear on walking speed, metabolic cost of gait, lower limb kinematics, kinetics, EMG muscle activity and plantar pressure. METHODS Twenty subjects (mean age-33.1 years, height-1.71 m, body mass-68.9 kg, BMI 23.6, 12 male) walked in: a flat control footwear; a flat control footwear weighted to match the mass of a rollover shoe; a rollover shoe; MBT footwear. Data relating to metabolic energy and temporal aspects of gait were collected during 6 min of continuous walking, all other data in a gait laboratory. RESULTS The rollover footwear moved the contact point under the shoe anteriorly during early stance, increasing midfoot pressures. This changed internal ankle dorsiflexion moments to plantarflexion moments earlier, reducing ankle plantarflexion and tibialis anterior activity after initial contact, and increasing calf EMG activity. In mid stance the rollover footwear resulted in a more dorsiflexed ankle position but less ankle movement. During propulsion, the rollover footwear reduced peak ankle dorsiflexion, peak internal plantarflexor ankle moments and the range of ankle plantarflexion. Vertical ground reaction loading rates were increased by the rollover footwear. There were no effects on temporal or energy cost of gait and no effect of elevated shoe weight. CONCLUSION Investigating all proposed effects of this footwear concurrently has enabled a more valid investigation of how the footwear effects are interrelated. There were concurrent changes in several aspects of lower limb function, with greatest effects at the foot and ankle, but no change in the metabolic cost of walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Forghany
- School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, UK; Musculoskeletal Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Arazpour M, Hutchins SW, Ghomshe FT, Shaky F, Karami MV, Aksenov AY. Effects of the heel-to-toe rocker sole on walking in able-bodied persons. Prosthet Orthot Int 2013; 37:429-35. [PMID: 23401295 DOI: 10.1177/0309364612474920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The most commonly prescribed external shoe modification is the use of rocker soles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a heel-to-toe rocker sole profile on specific temporal-spatial parameters and the kinematics of walking when added to footwear. METHOD Seventeen healthy adult volunteers participated in this study. For each subject, gait analysis was performed under two conditions that were tested in a random order: walking with either a baseline shoe with a flat sole or a modified shoe adapted with a heel-to-toe rocker sole. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between rocker sole conditions during initial double-limb support and second double-limb support during stance phase. In frontal plane movement, significant differences were observed between the rocker sole conditions but only during second double-limb support phase. CONCLUSIONS This heel-to-toe rocker sole may be useful for patients with conditions such as ankle arthrodesis or for use with ankle-foot orthoses where limited ankle motion is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokhtar Arazpour
- 1Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Sobhani S, Hijmans J, van den Heuvel E, Zwerver J, Dekker R, Postema K. Biomechanics of slow running and walking with a rocker shoe. Gait Posture 2013; 38:998-1004. [PMID: 23770233 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests a link between the loading of the Achilles tendon and the magnitude of the ankle internal plantar flexion moment during late stance of gait, which is clinically relevant in the management of Achilles tendinopathy. Some studies showed that rocker shoes can reduce the ankle internal plantar flexion moment. However, the existing evidence is not conclusive and focused on walking and scarce in running. Sixteen healthy runners participated in this study. Lower extremity kinetics, kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) signals of triceps surae and tibialis anterior were quantified for two types of shoes during running and walking. The peak ankle plantar flexion moment was reduced significantly in late stance of running (0.27 Nm/kg; p<0.001) and walking (0.24 Nm/kg; p<0.001) with the rocker shoe compared to standard shoe. The ankle power generation and plantar flexion moment impulse were also reduced significantly when running and walking with the rocker shoe (p<0.001). No significant changes in the knee and hip moments were found in running and walking. A significant delay of the EMG peak, approximately 2% (p<0.001), was present in the triceps surae when walking with rocker shoes. There were no significant changes in the EMG peak amplitude of triceps surae in running and walking. The peak amplitude of tibialis anterior was significantly increased (64.7 μV, p<0.001) when walking with rocker shoes. The findings show that rocker shoes reduce the ankle plantar flexion moment during the late stance phase of running and walking in healthy people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhan Sobhani
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Changes in windlass effect in response to different shoe and insole designs during walking. Gait Posture 2013; 37:235-41. [PMID: 22884544 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Windlass effect occurs during the pre-swing phase of gait cycle in which the peak tensile strain and force of the plantar aponeurosis (PA) is reached. The increased dorsiflexion angle of the 1st metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint is the main causing factor. The aim of this study was to investigate thoroughly in finding the appropriate shoe and insole combination that can effectively decrease the windlass effect. Foot kinematic analyses of 10 normal volunteers (aged 25.2±2.1 years, height of 167.4±9.1 cm, and weight of 66.2±18.1 kg) were performed during gait under the conditions of barefoot, standard shoe (SS) with flat insole (FI) or carbon fiber insole (CFI), and rocker sole shoe (RSS) with FI or CFI. The shoe cover consisting of transparent polymer was used for accurate measurement of kinematic data as specific areas on the cover can be cut away for direct placement of reflective markers onto the skin. Under barefoot condition, the mean of maximum dorsiflexion angle of the 1st MTP joint was measured to be 48.0±7.3°, and decreased significantly to 28.2±5.7° when wearing SS with FI, and 24.1±5.7° when wearing SS with CFI. This angle was further decreased to around 13° when wearing RSS with FI or CFI. Subjects wearing footwear alone can increase the minimum medial longitudinal angle and decrease the maximum plantarflexion angle of metatarsus related to the calcaneus as compared with barefoot condition, resulting in flatter medial foot arch. Results suggested that RSS is the effective footwear in reducing the windlass effect regardless the type of insole inserted. The findings in this study provided us with the evidences in finding the appropriate footwear for treating foot disorders such as plantar fasciitis by effectively reducing the windlass effect.
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Fong DTP, Pang KY, Chung MML, Hung ASL, Chan KM. Evaluation of combined prescription of rocker sole shoes and custom-made foot orthoses for the treatment of plantar fasciitis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2012; 27:1072-7. [PMID: 22954426 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is a routine practice to prescribe a combination of rocker shoes and custom-made foot orthoses for patients with plantar fasciitis. Recently, there has been a debate on this practice, and studies have shown that the individual prescription of rocker shoes or custom-made foot orthoses is effective in treating plantar fasciitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the immediate therapeutic effects of individually prescribed rocker sole shoes and custom-made foot orthoses, and a combined prescription of them on plantar fasciitis. METHODS This was a cross-over study. Fifteen patients with unilateral plantar fasciitis were recruited; they were from both genders and aged between 40 and 65. Subjects performed walking trials which consisted of one 'unshod' condition and four 'shod' conditions while wearing baseline shoes, rocker shoes, baseline shoes with foot orthotics, and rocker shoes with foot orthotics. The study outcome measures were the immediate heel pain intensity levels as reflected by visual analog scale pain ratings and the corresponding dynamic plantar pressure redistribution patterns as evaluated by a pressure insole system. RESULTS The results showed that a combination of rocker shoes and foot orthoses produced a significantly lower visual analog scale pain score (9.7 mm) than rocker shoes (30.9 mm) and foot orthoses (29.5 mm). With regard to baseline shoes, it also significantly reduced the greatest amount of medial heel peak pressure (-33.58%) without overloading other plantar regions when compared to rocker shoes (-7.99%) and foot orthoses (-28.82%). DISCUSSION The findings indicate that a combined prescription of rocker sole shoes and custom-made foot orthoses had greater immediate therapeutic effects compared to when each treatment had been individually prescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tik-Pui Fong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Santo AS, Roper JL, Dufek JS, Mercer JA. Rocker-Bottom, Profile-Type Shoes Do Not Increase Lower Extremity Muscle Activity or Energy Cost of Walking. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2426-31. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823f8b71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Demura T, Demura SI. The effects of shoes with a rounded soft sole in the anterior-posterior direction on leg joint angle and muscle activity. Foot (Edinb) 2012; 22:150-5. [PMID: 22425274 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the effect of these shoes on the leg joint angle and muscle activity during walking. Ten healthy young male adults (mean age: 24.1±4.3 years) walked on a walkway while wearing one of three kinds of shoes with a rounded soft sole in the anterior-posterior direction (Stretch Walker: SW, mass: 440 g), MBT (Masai Barefoot Technology; similar to the SW in form and material, mass: 600 g), and flat-bottomed shoes (FS, mass: 420 g)). After familiarizing themselves with the shoes, subjects walked twenty laps on the walkway, which was about 40 m long (mean speed: 4.1 km/h). After a sufficient rest, they repeated this with the other shoes. During walking, the volume of muscle discharge was measured once every 2 laps. The mean value of the 10 measurements was used as the evaluation variable for integral values and joint angle, while the right foot touched the ground twice. In conclusion, the range of leg movement during walking was smaller when wearing shoes with a rounded soft sole in the anterior-posterior direction (SW and MBT) than when wearing normal shoes (FS). However, the effects of the SW and MBT on leg muscle activity during walking differ little from wearing the normal shoes during a leisurely 10-min walk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Demura
- Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Hutchins SW, Lawrence G, Blair S, Aksenov A, Jones R. Use of a three-curved rocker sole shoe modification to improve intermittent claudication calf pain--a pilot study. JOURNAL OF VASCULAR NURSING 2012; 30:11-20. [PMID: 22321402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvn.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This was a pilot study utilizing hospital-based walking trials to compare two footwear conditions. Two pairs of identical therapeutic shoes were ordered for volunteer claudicant subjects. One pair was adapted with a specifically designed three-curve rocker sole. Volunteer claudicant subjects (n = 8, mean age 66 +/- 9.9 years) with stable pain-free distances of 10-400 meters to calf claudication pain were recruited into the study. Walking trials were used to compare differences in both the pain-free distance to claudication and the intensity of the calf pain once claudicating exhibited by each subject while walking separately with the two footwear conditions during the same clinical session. The results demonstrated that claudicant pain-free walking distance was increased, and the intensity of claudication calf pain reduced when walking with the rocker-soled in comparison with baseline. A specifically designed rocker sole has the potential to offer a reduction in the intensity of calf pain experienced by claudicants. A more extensive study is planned to determine the efficacy of this new footwear adaptation when the footwear is worn for extended periods.
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Effect of rocker shoe radius on oxygen consumption rate in young able-bodied persons. J Biomech 2011; 44:1021-4. [PMID: 21371713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied oxygen consumption rate of eleven young able-bodied persons walking at self-selected speed with five different pairs of shoes: one regular pair without rocker soles (REG) and four pairs with uniform hardness (35-40 shore A durometer) rocker soles of different radii (25% of leg length (LL) (R25), 40% LL (R40), 55% LL (R55), and infinite radius (FLAT)). Rocker soled shoes in the study were developed to provide similar vertical lift (three inches higher than the REG shoes condition). Oxygen consumption rate was significantly affected by the use of the different shoes (p<0.001) and pairwise comparisons indicated that persons consumed significantly less oxygen (per minute per kilogram of body mass) when walking on the R40 shoes when compared with both the FLAT (p<0.001) and REG (p=0.021) shoe conditions. Oxygen consumption was also significantly less for the R25 shoes compared with the FLAT shoes (p=0.005) and for the R55 shoes compared with FLAT shoes (p=0.027). The three-inch lift on the FLAT shoe did not cause a significant change in oxygen consumption compared to the shoe without the lift (REG).
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Slavens BA, Sturm PF, Bajournaite R, Harris GF. Upper extremity dynamics during Lofstrand crutch-assisted gait in children with myelomeningocele. Gait Posture 2009; 30:511-7. [PMID: 19726191 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of quantitative models for evaluating upper extremity (UE) dynamics in children with myelomeningocele (MM) is limited. A biomechanical model for assessment of UE dynamics during Lofstrand crutch-assisted gait in children with MM is presented. This pediatric model may be a valuable tool for clinicians to characterize crutch-assisted gait, which may advance treatment monitoring, crutch prescription, and rehabilitation planning for children with MM. Nine subjects with L3 or L4 level myelodysplasia (mean+/-S.D. age: 11.1+/-3.8 years) were analyzed during forearm crutch-assisted gait: (1) reciprocal gait and (2) swing-through gait. Three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of the UE were acquired and the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) was administered. The goal of this study was to determine if meaningful differences occur between gait patterns in UE kinematics and kinetics, and if correlations exist between dynamics and functional outcomes. Temporal-distance parameters showed significant differences between reciprocal and swing-through gait in stride length, and stance duration. All joint ranges of motion were greater during swing-through gait. Thorax, elbow and crutch ranges of motion were found to be significantly different between gait patterns. Kinetic results demonstrated significant differences between reciprocal and swing-through gait, bilaterally, at all joints for the force variables of mean superior/inferior force, range of force, and maximum inferior force. Functional outcomes were strongly correlated with joint dynamics. Accurate quantitative assessment is essential for preventing injury in long-term crutch users. This study has potential for improving clinical intervention strategies and therapeutic planning of ambulation for children with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Slavens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, 1515 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
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Hutchins S, Bowker P, Geary N, Richards J. The biomechanics and clinical efficacy of footwear adapted with rocker profiles--evidence in the literature. Foot (Edinb) 2009; 19:165-70. [PMID: 20307470 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rocker profiles are the most commonly prescribed external therapeutic shoe modification. However, the prescription criteria for rocker profiles have historically been based on theoretical considerations with minimal scientific study and validation. OBJECTIVE Rocker profiles are used to afford pressure relief for the plantar surface of the foot, to limit the need for sagittal plane motion in the joints of the foot and to alter gait kinetics and kinematics in proximal joints. This paper reviews the literature relating to biomechanical and clinical efficacy. METHOD A literature search was undertaken in Medline, PubMed, Recal, Cochrane database and Scopus. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Efficacy is demonstrated with regards to relief of forefoot plantar pressures. However, the definitive profile shape has not been demonstrated. The effectiveness of rocker-soled shoes in restricting sagittal plane motion in individual joints of the foot is unclear. Rocker profiles have minimal effect on the kinetics and kinematics of the more proximal joints of the lower limb, but more significant effects are seen at the ankle. Further research is warranted on the effects of rocker profiles on individual joints of the foot and the manner in which they effect lower limb muscle activity and gait patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hutchins
- Centre for Rehabilitation and Human Performance Research, Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Salford, Salford, M6 6PU, UK.
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Hazell L, Chockalingam N. A preliminary study into the effect of running shoes on stride length. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280902977186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Comparison of upper extremity kinematics in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy using anterior and posterior walkers. Gait Posture 2008; 28:412-9. [PMID: 18406138 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This prospective study analyzes the upper extremity kinematics of 10 children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy using anterior and posterior walkers. Although both types of walkers are commonly prescribed by clinicians, no quantitative data comparing the two in regards to upper extremity motion has been published. The study methodology included testing of each subject with both types of walkers in a motion analysis laboratory after an acclimation period of at least 1 month. Overall results showed that statistically, both walkers are relatively similar. With both anterior and posterior walkers, the shoulders were extended, elbows flexed, and wrists extended. Energy expenditure, walking speed and stride length was also similar with both walker types. Several differences were also noted although not statistically significant. Anterior torso tilt was reduced with the posterior walker and shoulder extension and elbow flexion were increased. Outcomes analysis indicated that differences in upper extremity torso and joint motion were not dependent on spasticity or hand dominance. These findings may help to build an understanding of upper extremity motion in walker-assisted gait and potentially to improve walker prescription.
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Long JT, Klein JP, Sirota NM, Wertsch JJ, Janisse D, Harris GF. Biomechanics of the double rocker sole shoe: gait kinematics and kinetics. J Biomech 2007; 40:2882-90. [PMID: 17467718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of footwear with contoured soles is common in treatment and care of patients with diabetes; these rocker sole shoes are designed to alleviate loading in key areas on the plantar surface of the foot, reducing pressure in key areas and alleviating pain, and potential soft tissue damage. While investigations of pressure changes have been conducted, no quantitative study to date has addressed the three-dimensional (3D) kinematic and kinetic changes that result from using these shoes. Forty subjects were tested wearing both unmodified and double rocker sole shoes, and the resulting motion patterns were compared to assess change caused by the rocker sole. Overall walking speed remained unchanged throughout testing; slightly increased flexion (<5 degrees ) was apparent at the hip, knee, and ankle during early and mid-stance. These results demonstrate the maintenance of gait function with minimal kinematic changes when using the rocker sole shoe. Investigations of multisegmental foot motion may reveal additional information about the contour effects; analysis of contour variations may also be warranted to investigate the possibility of controlling motion based on rocker sole parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Long
- Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering Center (OREC), Medical College of Wisconsin/Marquette University, 9200 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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