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Zheng ZK, Staubitz JE, Weitlauf AS, Staubitz J, Pollack M, Shibley L, Hopton M, Martin W, Swanson A, Juárez P, Warren ZE, Sarkar N. A Predictive Multimodal Framework to Alert Caregivers of Problem Behaviors for Children with ASD (PreMAC). SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020370. [PMID: 33430371 PMCID: PMC7826816 DOI: 10.3390/s21020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) impacts 1 in 54 children in the US. Two-thirds of children with ASD display problem behavior. If a caregiver can predict that a child is likely to engage in problem behavior, they may be able to take action to minimize that risk. Although experts in Applied Behavior Analysis can offer caregivers recognition and remediation strategies, there are limitations to the extent to which human prediction of problem behavior is possible without the assistance of technology. In this paper, we propose a machine learning-based predictive framework, PreMAC, that uses multimodal signals from precursors of problem behaviors to alert caregivers of impending problem behavior for children with ASD. A multimodal data capture platform, M2P3, was designed to collect multimodal training data for PreMAC. The development of PreMAC integrated a rapid functional analysis, the interview-informed synthesized contingency analysis (IISCA), for collection of training data. A feasibility study with seven 4 to 15-year-old children with ASD was conducted to investigate the tolerability and feasibility of the M2P3 platform and the accuracy of PreMAC. Results indicate that the M2P3 platform was well tolerated by the children and PreMAC could predict precursors of problem behaviors with high prediction accuracies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobo K. Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - John E. Staubitz
- Treatment and Research Institute of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (J.E.S.); (A.S.W.); (L.S.); (M.H.); (W.M.); (A.S.); (P.J.); (Z.E.W.)
| | - Amy S. Weitlauf
- Treatment and Research Institute of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (J.E.S.); (A.S.W.); (L.S.); (M.H.); (W.M.); (A.S.); (P.J.); (Z.E.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Johanna Staubitz
- Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (J.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Marney Pollack
- Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (J.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Lauren Shibley
- Treatment and Research Institute of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (J.E.S.); (A.S.W.); (L.S.); (M.H.); (W.M.); (A.S.); (P.J.); (Z.E.W.)
| | - Michelle Hopton
- Treatment and Research Institute of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (J.E.S.); (A.S.W.); (L.S.); (M.H.); (W.M.); (A.S.); (P.J.); (Z.E.W.)
| | - William Martin
- Treatment and Research Institute of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (J.E.S.); (A.S.W.); (L.S.); (M.H.); (W.M.); (A.S.); (P.J.); (Z.E.W.)
| | - Amy Swanson
- Treatment and Research Institute of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (J.E.S.); (A.S.W.); (L.S.); (M.H.); (W.M.); (A.S.); (P.J.); (Z.E.W.)
| | - Pablo Juárez
- Treatment and Research Institute of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (J.E.S.); (A.S.W.); (L.S.); (M.H.); (W.M.); (A.S.); (P.J.); (Z.E.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (J.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Zachary E. Warren
- Treatment and Research Institute of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (J.E.S.); (A.S.W.); (L.S.); (M.H.); (W.M.); (A.S.); (P.J.); (Z.E.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (J.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Nilanjan Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA;
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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