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Kim H, Hua Y, Chen CT, Epel B, Sundramoorthy S, Halpern H, Kao CM. Validation of the design of a high-sensitivity and high-resolution PET system for a preclinical PET/EPR hybrid scanner. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, ACCELERATORS, SPECTROMETERS, DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 2024; 1063:169333. [PMID: 38736647 PMCID: PMC11086702 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.169333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
We report the development of a high-sensitivity and high-resolution PET subsystem for a next-generation preclinical PET/EPR hybrid scanner for investigating and improving hypoxia imaging with PET. The PET subsystem consists of 14 detector modules (DM) installed within a cylindrical supporting frame whose outer and inner diameters are 115mm and 60mm, respectively. Each DM contains eight detector units (DU) in a row and each DU is made of a 12×12 array of 1×1×10mm3 LYSO crystals (with a 1.05mm pitch) coupled to a 4×4 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array that has a 3.2mm pitch (Hamamatsu multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC) array 14161-3050HS-04). The PET subsystem has a 104mm axial field-of-view (AFOV) that is sufficient for full-body mouse imaging, therefore enabling temporal and spatial correlation studies of tumor hypoxia between PET and EPR. It employs 1mm-width crystals to support sub-millimeter image resolution that is desired for mouse imaging. Al-though a DM contains 1,152 LYSO crystals, by use of a newly devised signal readout method only six outputs are produced. Recently a partial prototype of this subsystem consisting of four DMs is built. In this paper, we present performance measurement results obtained for the developed DMs and initial imaging results obtained by the prototype. The developed DMs show uniformly superior performance in identifying the hit crystal and detector unit, in energy resolution, and in coincidence time resolution. The images obtained for a 22Na point source and a 18F-filled U-shaped tube source show an image resolution of about 1.1mm and 1.2mm FWHM in the transverse and axial directions respectively, and demonstrate successful imaging over the entire 104mm AFOV of the prototype. This estimated image resolution however includes the contribution by the source size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejong Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yuexuan Hua
- Raycan Technology Co, Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Boris Epel
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Howard Halpern
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chien-Min Kao
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Wang F, Kao CM, Zhang X, Liu L, Hua Y, Kim H, Choong WS, Xie Q. DOI- and TOF-capable PET array detector using double-ended light readout and stripline-based row and column electronic readout. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 8:269-276. [PMID: 38654812 PMCID: PMC11034922 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2024.3360942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
We investigate a highly multiplexing readout for depth-of-interaction (DOI) and time-of-flight PET detector consisting of an N×N crystals whose light outputs at the front and back ends are detected by using silicon photomultipliers (SiPM). The front N×N SiPM array is read by using a stripline (SL) configured to support discrimination of the row position of the signal-producing crystal. The back N×N SiPM array is similarly read by an SL for column discrimination. Hence, the detector has only four outputs. We built 4×4 and 8×8 detector modules (DM) by using 3.0×3.0×20 mm3 lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicates. The outputs were sampled and processed offline. For both DMs, crystal discrimination was successful. For the 4×4 DM, we obtained an average energy resolution (ER) of 14.1%, an average DOI resolution of 2.5 mm, a non DOI-corrected coincidence resolving time (CRT), measured in coincidence with a single-pixel reference detector, of about 495 ps. For the 8×8 DM, the average ER, average DOI resolution and average CRT were 16.4%, 2.9 mm, and 641 ps, respectively. We identified the intercrystal scattering as a probable cause for the CRT deterioration when the DM was increased from 4×4 to 8×8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Linfeng Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Heejong Kim
- The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Woon-Seng Choong
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Qingguo Xie
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Kim H, Hua Y, Epel B, Sundramoorthy S, Halpern H, Chen CT, Kao CM. A Preclinical Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Electron-Paramagnetic-Resonance-Imaging (EPRI) Hybrid System: PET Detector Module. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 7:794-801. [PMID: 37981977 PMCID: PMC10655702 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2023.3301788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the design and experimental validation of a compact positron emission tomography (PET) detector module (DM) intended for building a preclinical PET and electron-paramagnetic-resonance-imaging hybrid system that supports sub-millimeter image resolution and high-sensitivity, whole-body animal imaging. The DM is eight detector units (DU) in a row. Each DU contains 12×12 lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystals having a 1.05 mm pitch read by 4×4 silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) having a 3.2 mm pitch. A small-footprint, highly-multiplexing readout employing only passive electronics is devised to produce six outputs for the DM, including two outputs derived from SiPM cathodes for determining event time and active DU and four outputs derived from SiPM anodes for determining energy and active crystal. Presently, we have developed two DMs that are 1.28×10.24 cm2 in extent and approximately 1.8 cm in thickness, with their outputs sampled at 0.7 GS/s and analyzed offline. For both DMs, our results show successfully discriminated DUs and crystals. With no correction for SiPM nonlinearity, the average energy resolution for crystals in a DU ranges from 14% to 16%. While not needed for preclinical imaging, the DM may support 300-400 ps time-of-flight resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejong Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yuexuan Hua
- Raycan Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Boris Epel
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Howard Halpern
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chien-Min Kao
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Gonzalez-Montoro A, Ullah MN, Levin CS. Advances in Detector Instrumentation for PET. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:1138-1144. [PMID: 35914819 PMCID: PMC9364348 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last 3 decades, PET has become a standard-of-care imaging technique used in the management of cancer and in the characterization of neurologic disorders and cardiovascular disease. It has also emerged as a prominent molecular imaging method to study the basic biologic pathways of disease in rodent models. This review describes the basics of PET detectors, including a detailed description of indirect and direct 511-keV photon detection methods. We will also cover key detector performance parameters and describe detector instrumentation advances during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gonzalez-Montoro
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Muhammad Nasir Ullah
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Craig S. Levin
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University, Stanford, California;,Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California;,Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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