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Kiyan W, Ito A, Nakagawa Y, Mukai S, Mori K, Arai T, Uchino E, Okuno Y, Kuroki H. Relationships Between Quantitative Pulse-Echo Ultrasound Parameters from the Superficial Zone of the Human Articular Cartilage and Changes in Surface Roughness, Collagen Content or Collagen Orientation Caused by Early Degeneration. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:1703-1715. [PMID: 28499496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to quantitatively investigate the relationship between amplitude-based pulse-echo ultrasound parameters and early degeneration of the knee articular cartilage. Twenty samples from six human femoral condyles judged as grade 0 or 1 according to International Cartilage Repair Society grading were assessed using a 15-MHz pulsed-ultrasound 3-D scanning system ex vivo. Surface roughness (Rq), average collagen content (A1) and collagen orientation (A12) in the superficial zone of the cartilage were measured via laser microscopy and Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy. Multiple regression analysis with a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) revealed that a time-domain reflection coefficient at the cartilage surface (Rc) had a significant coefficient of determination with Rq and A12 (RLMMm2=0.79); however, Rc did not correlate with A1. Concerning the collagen characteristic in the superficial zone, Rc was found to be a sensitive indicator reflecting collagen disorganization, not collagen content, for the early degeneration samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kiyan
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Research Department, Furuno Electric Company, Ltd., Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nakagawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shogo Mukai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Mori
- Applied Medical Engineering Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Arai
- Research Department, Furuno Electric Company, Ltd., Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Uchino
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okuno
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuroki
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Inkinen SI, Liukkonen J, Malo MKH, Virén T, Jurvelin JS, Töyräs J. Finite difference time domain model of ultrasound propagation in agarose scaffold containing collagen or chondrocytes. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:1. [PMID: 27475127 DOI: 10.1121/1.4953021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of ultrasound backscattering is a promising diagnostic technique for arthroscopic evaluation of articular cartilage. However, contribution of collagen and chondrocytes on ultrasound backscattering and speed of sound in cartilage is not fully understood and is experimentally difficult to study. Agarose hydrogels have been used in tissue engineering applications of cartilage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to simulate the propagation of high frequency ultrasound (40 MHz) in agarose scaffolds with varying concentrations of chondrocytes (1 to 32 × 10(6) cells/ml) and collagen (1.56-200 mg/ml) using transversely isotropic two-dimensional finite difference time domain method (FDTD). Backscatter and speed of sound were evaluated from the simulated pulse-echo and through transmission measurements, respectively. Ultrasound backscatter increased with increasing collagen and chondrocyte concentrations. Furthermore, speed of sound increased with increasing collagen concentration. However, this was not observed with increasing chondrocyte concentrations. The present study suggests that the FDTD method may have some applicability in simulations of ultrasound scattering and propagation in constructs containing collagen and chondrocytes. Findings of this study indicate the significant role of collagen and chondrocytes as ultrasound scatterers and can aid in development of modeling approaches for understanding how cartilage architecture affects to the propagation of high frequency ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu I Inkinen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Liukkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markus K H Malo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Virén
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka S Jurvelin
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Sarkalkan N, Loeve AJ, van Dongen KWA, Tuijthof GJM, Zadpoor AA. A novel ultrasound technique for detection of osteochondral defects in the ankle joint: a parametric and feasibility study. SENSORS 2014; 15:148-65. [PMID: 25609040 PMCID: PMC4327012 DOI: 10.3390/s150100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
(Osteo)chondral defects (OCDs) in the ankle are currently diagnosed with modalities that are not convenient to use in long-term follow-ups. Ultrasound (US) imaging, which is a cost-effective and non-invasive alternative, has limited ability to discriminate OCDs. We aim to develop a new diagnostic technique based on US wave propagation through the ankle joint. The presence of OCDs is identified when a US signal deviates from a reference signal associated with the healthy joint. The feasibility of the proposed technique is studied using experimentally-validated 2D finite-difference time-domain models of the ankle joint. The normalized maximum cross correlation of experiments and simulation was 0.97. Effects of variables relevant to the ankle joint, US transducers and OCDs were evaluated. Variations in joint space width and transducer orientation made noticeable alterations to the reference signal: normalized root mean square error ranged from 6.29% to 65.25% and from 19.59% to 8064.2%, respectively. The results suggest that the new technique could be used for detection of OCDs, if the effects of other parameters (i.e., parameters related to the ankle joint and US transducers) can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Sarkalkan
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - Arjo J Loeve
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - Koen W A van Dongen
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Lorentzweg 1, Delft 2628 CJ, The Netherlands.
| | - Gabrielle J M Tuijthof
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
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Inkinen S, Liukkonen J, Ylärinne JH, Puhakka PH, Lammi MJ, Virén T, Jurvelin JS, Töyräs J. Collagen and chondrocyte concentrations control ultrasound scattering in agarose scaffolds. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2014; 40:2162-2171. [PMID: 24972499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound imaging has been proposed for diagnostics of osteoarthritis and cartilage injuries in vivo. However, the specific contribution of chondrocytes and collagen to ultrasound scattering in articular cartilage has not been systematically studied. We investigated the role of these tissue structures by measuring ultrasound scattering in agarose scaffolds with varying collagen and chondrocyte concentrations. Ultrasound catheters with center frequencies of 9 MHz (7.1-11.0 MHz, -6 dB) and 40 MHz (30.1-45.3 MHz, -6 dB) were applied using an intravascular ultrasound device. Ultrasound backscattering quantified in a region of interest starting right below sample surface differed significantly (p < 0.05) with the concentrations of collagen and chondrocytes. An ultrasound frequency of 40 MHz, as compared with 9 MHz, was more sensitive to variations in collagen and chondrocyte concentrations. The present findings may improve diagnostic interpretation of arthroscopic ultrasound imaging and provide information necessary for development of models describing ultrasound propagation within cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inkinen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - J Liukkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J H Ylärinne
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - P H Puhakka
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M J Lammi
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - T Virén
- Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J S Jurvelin
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Huang YP, Saarakkala S, Toyras J, Wang LK, Jurvelin JS, Zheng YP. Effects of optical beam angle on quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) in normal and surface degenerated bovine articular cartilage. Phys Med Biol 2010; 56:491-509. [PMID: 21191151 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/2/013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative measurement of articular cartilage using optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a potential approach for diagnosing the early degeneration of cartilage and assessing the quality of its repair. However, a non-perpendicular angle of the incident optical beam with respect to the tissue surface may cause uncertainty to the quantitative analysis, and therefore, significantly affect the reliability of measurement. This non-perpendicularity was systematically investigated in the current study using bovine articular cartilage with and without mechanical degradation. Ten fresh osteochondral disks were quantitatively measured before and after artificially induced surface degradation by mechanical grinding. The following quantitative OCT parameters were determined with a precise control of the surface inclination up to an angle of 10° using a step of 2°: optical reflection coefficient (ORC), variation of surface reflection (VSR) along the surface profile, optical roughness index (ORI) and optical backscattering (OBS). It was found that non-perpendicularity caused systematic changes to all of the parameters. ORC was the most sensitive and OBS the most insensitive to the inclination angle. At the optimal perpendicular angle, all parameters could detect significant changes after surface degradation (p < 0.01), except OBS (p > 0.05). Nonsignificant change of OBS after surface degradation was expected since OBS reflected properties of the internal cartilage tissue and was not affected by the superficial mechanical degradation. As a conclusion, quantitative OCT parameters are diagnostically potential for characterizing the cartilage degeneration. However, efforts through a better controlled operation or corrections based on computational compensation mechanism should be made to minimize the effects of non-perpendicularity of the incident optical beam when clinical use of quantitative OCT is considered for assessing the articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Huang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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