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Hassan MS, Zaman S, Dantzler JZR, Leyva DH, Mahmud MS, Ramirez JM, Gomez SG, Lin Y. 3D Printed Integrated Sensors: From Fabrication to Applications-A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:3148. [PMID: 38133045 PMCID: PMC10745374 DOI: 10.3390/nano13243148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The integration of 3D printed sensors into hosting structures has become a growing area of research due to simplified assembly procedures, reduced system complexity, and lower fabrication cost. Embedding 3D printed sensors into structures or bonding the sensors on surfaces are the two techniques for the integration of sensors. This review extensively discusses the fabrication of sensors through different additive manufacturing techniques. Various additive manufacturing techniques dedicated to manufacture sensors as well as their integration techniques during the manufacturing process will be discussed. This review will also discuss the basic sensing mechanisms of integrated sensors and their applications. It has been proven that integrating 3D printed sensors into infrastructures can open new possibilities for research and development in additive manufacturing and sensor materials for smart goods and the Internet of Things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahid Hassan
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (S.Z.); (J.Z.R.D.); (D.H.L.); (M.S.M.); (J.M.R.); (S.G.G.)
- Aerospace Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Saqlain Zaman
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (S.Z.); (J.Z.R.D.); (D.H.L.); (M.S.M.); (J.M.R.); (S.G.G.)
- Aerospace Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Joshua Z. R. Dantzler
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (S.Z.); (J.Z.R.D.); (D.H.L.); (M.S.M.); (J.M.R.); (S.G.G.)
- Aerospace Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Diana Hazel Leyva
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (S.Z.); (J.Z.R.D.); (D.H.L.); (M.S.M.); (J.M.R.); (S.G.G.)
- Aerospace Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Md Shahjahan Mahmud
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (S.Z.); (J.Z.R.D.); (D.H.L.); (M.S.M.); (J.M.R.); (S.G.G.)
- Aerospace Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Jean Montes Ramirez
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (S.Z.); (J.Z.R.D.); (D.H.L.); (M.S.M.); (J.M.R.); (S.G.G.)
- Aerospace Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Sofia Gabriela Gomez
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (S.Z.); (J.Z.R.D.); (D.H.L.); (M.S.M.); (J.M.R.); (S.G.G.)
- Aerospace Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Yirong Lin
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (S.Z.); (J.Z.R.D.); (D.H.L.); (M.S.M.); (J.M.R.); (S.G.G.)
- Aerospace Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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He L, Wen Z, Wang B, Li X, Wu D. Structural Design and Experimental Studies of Resonant Fiber Optic Scanner Driven by Co-Fired Multilayer Piezoelectric Ceramics. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:517. [PMID: 36984924 PMCID: PMC10055889 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Piezo-driven resonant fiber optic scanners are gaining more and more attention due to their simple structure, weak electromagnetic radiation, and non-friction loss. Conventional piezo-driven resonant fiber optic scanners typically use quadrature piezoelectric tubes (piezo tubes) operating in 31-mode with high drive voltage and low excitation efficiency. In order to solve the abovementioned problem, a resonant fiber scanner driven by co-fired multilayer piezoelectric ceramics (CMPCs) is proposed in which four CMPCs drive a cantilevered fiber optic in the first-order bending mode to achieve efficient and fast space-filling scanning. In this paper, the cantilever beam vibration model with base displacement excitation was derived to provide a theoretical basis for the design of the fiber optic scanner. The finite element method was used to guide the dynamic design of the scanner. Finally, the dynamics characteristics and scanning trajectory of the prepared scanner prototype were tested and compared with the theoretical and simulation calculation results. Experimental results showed that the scanner can achieve three types of space-filling scanning: spiral, Lissajous, and propeller. Compared with the structure using piezo tubes, the designed scanner achieved the same scanning range with smaller axial dimensions, lower drive voltage, and higher efficiency. The scanner can achieve a free end displacement of 10 mm in both horizontal and vertical directions under a sinusoidal excitation signal of 50 Vp-p and 200 Hz. The theoretical, simulation and experimental results validate the feasibility of the proposed scanner structure and provide new ideas for the design of resonant fiber optic scanners.
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