Preliminary study of analyzing mucosal human papillomaviruses in cutaneous warts by restriction fragment mass polymorphism

Prevalence of HPV Genotypes in Adult Male Patients with Cutaneous Warts: A Cross-Sectional Study

AIM

This study was aimed at determining the distribution of type-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) in men with cutaneous warts and correlating this with the clinical and morphological presentation of warts.

METHODS

Cutaneous wart samples were obtained from 167 adult men presenting to a dermatology clinic. The tissues were fixed and screened for HPV DNA using real-time PCR. The HPV genotype was determined by PCR-based sequencing.

RESULTS

Nine different HPV genotypes were detected, comprising 6 from the α genus (HPV2, 6, 27b, 57b, 57c, and 94), 2 from the γ genus (HPV4 and 65), and HPV1a from the mu genus. Single HPV infection was encountered in 93.4% of the patients, whereas multiple infections were encountered in only 6.6%. The prevalence of HPV27b was highest among four body sites, followed by HPV57c, 1a, and 2. HPV1a was the most common genotype encountered in multiple infections, followed by HPV27b. Patient age, the number of warts, the duration of the presence of warts, and contact with people who have warts were not predictors of wart location. However, a high number of patients with palmar or common body warts had wart sizes of <1 cm.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that genus α HPV types are detected in about 82% of patients with cutaneous warts.

Mass Spectrometry Genotyping of Human Papillomavirus Based on High-Efficiency Selective Enrichment of Nanoparticles

This work developed a novel spermine-modified nanodiamonds (SP-NDs)-based method to selectively enrich oligonucleotides for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) of human papillomavirus (HPV) virus. Our results showed that SP-NDs can effectively extract and enrich DNA oligonucleotides from sodium dodecyl sulfonate and urea solution. In addition, SP-NDs can also selectively extract oligonucleotides from enzymes digestion products of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment mass polymorphism (PCR-RFMP) of HPV virus. Then, the extract can be detected by MALDI-TOF MS directly without further purification. According to the MS results, the HPV genotyping can be achieved. More importantly, with SP-NDs extraction, clinical samples infected with HPV genotype 16 and 18 can be identified. The described method shows great advantages of simplicity, high selectivity, and good reliability in real clinical samples. Due to our methods improvement on DNA enrichment, extraction and purification, the PCR-based MALDI-TOF MS for the analysis of oligonucleotides maybe become more rapid, sensitive, and high-throughput, is promising for analysis for DNA methylation, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and other virus typing.