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Vaidya SR, Kumbhar NS, Andhare GK, Pawar N, Walimbe AM, Kinikar M, Kasibhatla SM, Kulkarni-Kale U. Neutralizing Antibody Response to Genotypically Diverse Measles Viruses in Clinically Suspected Measles Cases. Viruses 2023; 15:2243. [PMID: 38005920 PMCID: PMC10674322 DOI: 10.3390/v15112243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The neutralizing antibody (Nt-Ab) response to vaccine and wild-type measles viruses (MeV) was studied in suspected measles cases reported during the years 2012-2016. The neutralization activity against MeV A, D4 and D8 genotypes was studied on sera (Panel A; n = 68 (measles-immunized) and Panel B; n = 50 (unvaccinated)) that were either laboratory confirmed or not confirmed by the presence of IgM antibodies. Additionally, the Nt-Ab response in Panel A was measured against the MeV vaccine and four wild-type viruses. Neutralization results were compared using homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) of MeV-hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins. Overall, the Nt-Ab titres for MeV-A were found to be significantly lower than MeV-D4 and MeV-D8 viruses for Panel A. No major difference was noted in Nt-Ab titres between MeV-D8 viruses (Jamnagar and New Delhi), whereas MeV-D4 (Sindhudurg and Bagalkot (BGK) viruses) showed significant differences between Nt-Ab titres for Panel B. Interestingly, the substitutions observed in epitopes of H-protein, L249P and G316A are observed to be unique to MeV-BGK. MDS of H-protein revealed significant fluctuations in neutralizing epitopes due to L249P substitution. The majority of the clinically suspected cases showed Nt-Abs to MeV wild-types. Higher IgG antibody avidity and Nt-Ab titres were noted in IgM-negatives than in IgM-positives cases, indicating reinfection or breakthrough. MDS revealed reduced neutralization due to decreased conformational flexibility in the H-epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil R. Vaidya
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Neelakshi S. Kumbhar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Gargi K. Andhare
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Nilesh Pawar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Atul M. Walimbe
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Meenal Kinikar
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; (M.K.)
| | - Sunitha M. Kasibhatla
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; (M.K.)
- HPC-Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Panchavati, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Urmila Kulkarni-Kale
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; (M.K.)
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Vaidya SR. Immuno-Colorimetric Neutralization Test: A Surrogate for Widely Used Plaque Reduction Neutralization Tests in Public Health Virology. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040939. [PMID: 37112919 PMCID: PMC10143445 DOI: 10.3390/v15040939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their first documentation in 1952, plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs) have become the choice of test for the measurement of neutralizing antibodies against a particular virus. However, PRNTs can be performed only against viruses that cause cytopathic effects (CPE). PRNTs also require skilled personnel and can be time-consuming depending on the time required for the virus to cause CPE. Hence, their application limits large-scale studies or epidemiological and laboratory investigations. Since 1978, many surrogate PRNTs or immunocolorimetric assay (ICA)-based focus reduction neutralization tests (FRNT) have been developed. In this article, ICAs and their utility in FRNTs for the characterization of neutralizing antibodies, homologous or heterologous cross-neutralization, and laboratory diagnosis of viruses of public health importance have been discussed. Additionally, possible advancements and automations have been described that may help in the development and validation of novel surrogate tests for emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil R Vaidya
- Virus Registry and Virus Repository, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
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Abdelfattah MM, Osman AM, Elnagar MA, Ibrahim MF, Albert M, M Talal M, Abdel Fattah NF, Loutfy SA, Helwa R. In-house protocol: spin-based viral RNA purification. AMB Express 2022; 12:70. [PMID: 35680770 PMCID: PMC9181933 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A worldwide shortage of molecular biology consumables is in surge. This includes filter tips, nucleic acid purification kits, polymerases, reverse-transcriptase, and different types of reagents which are included in viral diagnostic kits. In developing countries, the problem is even worse, since there is few capital enterprise to adopt this kind of industry. So, our aim is to develop a suitable, functional, comparable to commercial ones, and affordable in-house protocol to purify viral RNA. We sought some published and commercial RNA purification solutions to set-up an in-house protocol for viral RNA extraction. Solution was prepared accordingly. Also, LPA (linearized polyacrylamide) carrier was evaluated. The whole setting of in-house solutions with addition of LPA carrier was compared to QIAamp viral RNA minikit solutions. Our results showed that linearized polyacrylamide (LPA) carrier in homemade solutions is comparable to poly A carrier which is used in the most commercial kit. In addition, the whole setting of RNA purification solutions did achieve the purpose of viral RNA purification. Also, the result was confirmed using sputum of a Sars-Cov2 infected patient. Our experiments did end up with an affordable homemade solutions for viral RNA purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Abdelfattah
- Molecular Cancer Biology Group, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Osman
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Elnagar
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Ibrahim
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magdy Albert
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maya M Talal
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nasra F Abdel Fattah
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah A Loutfy
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham Helwa
- Molecular Cancer Biology Group, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
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SR V, NS K, SS K, AM W, M A. Usefulness of diverse serological tests in the laboratory diagnosis of fever with skin-rash cases in children. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2022.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Won H, Kim AR, Yoo JS, Chung GT, Kang HJ, Kim SJ, Kim SS, Lee JW. Cross-neutralization between vaccine and circulating wild-type mumps viruses in Korea. Vaccine 2021; 39:1870-1876. [PMID: 33642163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mumps is a contagious disease caused by the mumps virus. It can be prevented using mumps vaccines, administered as a measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. For first and second dose immunization, children aged 12-15 months and 4-6 years have been administered this vaccine since 1997 in Korea. Nevertheless, mumps outbreaks still occur in vaccinated populations worldwide. Hence, immunity against these diseases may be attenuated, or there are antigenic differences between currently available vaccine strains and circulating wild-type viruses. After the introduction of national immunization programs in Korea, mumps cases became sporadic. Viral genotypes F, H, and I have emerged since 1998 whereas the vaccine strains belong to genotype A. Here, we compared the amino acid sequences of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene from wild-type viruses and the mumps vaccine and measured the cross-neutralization titers between them. We selected the F, H, and I wild-type mumps strains circulating in Korea from 1998 to 2016 and analyzed changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the HN gene. We measured mumps virus-specific IgG and rapid focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) titers in Korean isolates and sera obtained from 50 children aged 1-2 years who had been administered a single dose of MMR vaccine. Analysis of the HN protein sequences disclosed no changes in the glycosylation sites but did reveal 4-5 differences between the Korean isolates and the genotype A vaccine strain in terms of the neutralizing epitope sites on their HN proteins. Post-vaccination FRNT titers were significantly lower against genotypes F, H, and I than they were against genotype A. This finding highlights the possibility of a recurrence of mumps outbreaks in vaccinated populations depending on the degree of genetic conservation of the HN gene. Further research into this issue is needed to prevent the resurgence of mumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeran Won
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Kim
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sik Yoo
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Tae Chung
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Ji Kang
- Division of Viral Disease, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Disease, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Division of Viral Disease, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Disease, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Woo Lee
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Vaidya SR, Kasibhatla SM, Kamble MB, Munivenkatappa A, Kumbhar NS, Jayaswamy MM, Ramtirthkar MR, Kale MM, Kulkarni-Kale U. Genetic and antigenic characterization of wild type rubella viruses isolated from India. Vaccine 2021; 39:876-881. [PMID: 33423836 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rubella, is a contagious disease caused by Rubella virus (RuV) that manifests as fever with skin-rashes in children and adults along with complications in pregnant women. WHO-SEAR has set a target for Rubella elimination by 2023. This is the first report of antigenic characterization and genome sequencing of nine RuVs sampled during 1992, 2007-9, and 2015-17 from four Indian states. Comparative analysis of Indian RuVs (2B) with that of global isolates and vaccine strain RA 27/3 (1a) revealed that the observed mutations in structural proteins have no major impact on the 3D structure, function and antigenicity. Indian RuVs formed three major clusters (Pune-1992, Kannur-2009 and Chitradurg-2007) in genome-based phylogeny of global isolates. Neutralizing antibody titers in a panel of serum samples from measles negative cases were significantly higher to the vaccine strain compared to a wild-type 2B isolate (Kannur) with concordance of 91.9%, thereby substantiating the use of current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil R Vaidya
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India.
| | - Sunitha M Kasibhatla
- Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, C-DAC Innovation Park, Pune 411008, India; Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Madhukar B Kamble
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Ashok Munivenkatappa
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology Unit, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Chest Diseases Campus, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Neelakshi S Kumbhar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Manjunatha M Jayaswamy
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology Unit, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Chest Diseases Campus, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | | | - Mohan M Kale
- Department of Statistics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
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Quaranta P, Lottini G, Chesi G, Contrafatto F, Russotto R, Macera L, Lai M, Spezia PG, Brai A, Botta M, Freer G, Pistello M. DDX3 inhibitors show antiviral activity against positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses but not against negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: The coxsackie B model. Antiviral Res 2020; 178:104750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Vaidya SR, Kamble MB, Kumbhar NS. Laboratory‐based investigation of fever with rash cases in the Maharashtra State ‐ India, 2014 to 2017. J Med Virol 2019; 91:972-978. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil R. Vaidya
- Measles GroupICMR‐National Institute of VirologyPune Maharashtra India
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Vaidya SR, Hamde VS, Kumbhar NS, Walimbe AM. Utility of neutralization test for laboratory diagnosis of suspected mumps. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:243-247. [PMID: 29363797 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mumps is an infectious disease caused by mumps virus (MuV), which belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Rubulavirus. Typical symptoms of mumps include fever and swelling of the parotid glands; however, mumps can be asymptomatic. Mumps is diagnosed by molecular and serological methods (i.e., PCR and Enzyme Immunoassay [EIA]); however, both methods have pros and cons. This study was performed to compare the diagnostic utility of a focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) to that of MuV-specific commercial IgM and IgG antibody EIA in patients suspected of having mumps. One hundred-eighty six samples collected during mumps outbreak in 2012-16 were studied. Samples (n = 80) were tested by all the three serological assays and showed 70.4%, 83% and 92.5% positivity by IgM EIA, IgG and FRNT, respectively. In all, 58.8% samples (n = 47) tested positive in all three assays. Concordance between mumps RT-PCR and IgM EIA was highest during the first 2-5 days and decreased with increasing time post-onset. Mumps FRNT results agreed with those of RT-PCR/IgM EIA from the second week onwards, whereas the results of mumps IgG EIA agreed with those of RT-PCR/IgM EIA from post-onset days 3-10. These findings suggest the utility of a FRNT for laboratory diagnosis of mumps in countries whose populations are not immunized against this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil R Vaidya
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, 20-A Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Venkat S Hamde
- Department of Microbiology, Yogeshwari Mahavidyalaya Ambajogai District-Beed, 431517 (Maharashtra State) affiliated to Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, India
| | - Neelakshi S Kumbhar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, 20-A Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Atul M Walimbe
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, 20-A Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
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Vaidya SR, Kamble MB, Chowdhury DT, Kumbhar NS. Measles & rubella outbreaks in Maharashtra State, India. Indian J Med Res 2017; 143:227-31. [PMID: 27121521 PMCID: PMC4859132 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.180214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Under the outbreak-based measles surveillance in Maharashtra State the National Institute of Virology at Pune receives 3-5 serum samples from each outbreak and samples from the local hospitals in Pune for laboratory diagnosis. This report describes one year data on the measles and rubella serology, virus isolation and genotyping. Methods: Maharashtra State Health Agencies investigated 98 suspected outbreaks between January-December 2013 in the 20 districts. Altogether, 491 serum samples were received from 20 districts and 126 suspected cases from local hospitals. Samples were tested for the measles and rubella IgM antibodies by commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA). To understand the diagnostic utility, a subset of serum samples (n=53) was tested by measles focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT). Further, 37 throat swabs and 32 urine specimens were tested by measles reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and positive products were sequenced. Virus isolation was performed in Vero hSLAM cells. Results: Of the 98 suspected measles outbreaks, 61 were confirmed as measles, 12 as rubella and 21 confirmed as the mixed outbreaks. Four outbreaks remained unconfirmed. Of the 126 cases from the local hospitals, 91 were confirmed for measles and three for rubella. Overall, 93.6 per cent (383/409) confirmed measles cases were in the age group of 0-15 yr. Measles virus was detected in 18 of 38 specimens obtained from the suspected cases. Sequencing of PCR products revealed circulation of D4 (n=9) and D8 (n=9) strains. Four measles viruses (three D4 & one D8) were isolated. Interpretation & conclusions: Altogether, 94 measles and rubella outbreaks were confirmed in 2013 in the State of Maharasthra indicating the necessity to increase measles vaccine coverage in the State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil R Vaidya
- WHO Accredited National Measles Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India
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Hübschen JM, Bork SM, Brown KE, Mankertz A, Santibanez S, Ben Mamou M, Mulders MN, Muller CP. Challenges of measles and rubella laboratory diagnostic in the era of elimination. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:511-515. [PMID: 28412379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Member States of the WHO European Region adopted the goal of measles and rubella elimination more than 10 years ago, but so far only 21 of 53 countries have reached this target. Laboratory investigation of suspected cases is essential to support disease elimination efforts. Therefore, WHO maintains a network of accredited laboratories providing high-quality testing. Laboratory investigation heavily relies on specific IgM serology and increasingly on virus detection by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, but other methods such as IgG avidity testing and genetic characterization of virus strains have gained in importance. In elimination settings, often few samples from suspected cases are available for testing, but testing proficiency must be maintained. The predictive value of an IgM-positive result decreases and other rash-fever disease aetiologies become more important. In addition, cases with a rash after measles/rubella vaccination or with mild disease after waning of vaccine-induced antibodies are seen more often. Thus, it is necessary to perform comprehensive and potentially time-consuming and costly investigations of every suspected case using quality-controlled laboratory methods. At the same time rapid feedback to public health officers is required for timely interventions. The introduction of new laboratory methods for comprehensive case investigations requires training of staff under the supervision of WHO-accredited reference laboratories and the definition of appropriate test algorithms. Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological data are essential for final case classification and investigation of chains of transmission in the endgame of measles and rubella elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hübschen
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette and Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - S M Bork
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette and Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - K E Brown
- WHO Global Specialized Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - A Mankertz
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Santibanez
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Ben Mamou
- Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and Immunization, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M N Mulders
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C P Muller
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette and Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg.
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Vaidya SR, Hamde VS. Is it Right Time to Introduce Mumps Vaccine in Indias Universal Immunization Program? Indian Pediatr 2017; 53:469-73. [PMID: 27376598 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-016-0874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Measles, mumps and rubella are vaccine preventable diseases. However, morbidity and mortality due to these diseases remain largely unnoticed in India. Measles has received much attention; mumps and rubella still need to garner attention. According to the World Health Organization, near-elimination of mumps could be achieved by maintaining high vaccine coverage using a two-dose strategy. However, Government of India has not yet decided on mumps vaccine. In this review, we have reviewed sero-prevalence studies, vaccine studies, outbreak investigations, virus isolation and virus genotyping studies on mumps. Overall, mumps seems to be a significant public health problem in India, but does not garner attention due to the absence of a surveillance and documentation system. Thus, inclusion of mumps antigen in the Universal immunization program would have added advantages, the economic burden imposed by the cost of the vaccine offset by a reduction in disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Vaidya
- Measles Group, National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune; and *Department of Microbiology, Yogeshwari Mahavidyalaya Ambajogai affiliated to Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad; Maharashtra, India. Correspondence to: Dr Sunil R Vaidya, Scientist-E and Measles Group Leader, WHO Accredited National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr Ambedkar Road, Post Box 11, Pune 411 001, India.
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Kulkarni RD, Ajantha G, Kiran AR, Pravinchandra K. Global Eradication of Measles: Are We Poised? Indian J Med Microbiol 2017; 35:10-16. [PMID: 28303812 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_16_233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Fatemi Nasab GS, Salimi V, Abbasi S, Adjami Nezhad Fard F, Mokhtari Azad T. Comparison of neutralizing antibody titers against outbreak-associated measles genotypes (D4, H1 and B3) in Iran. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw089. [PMID: 27777263 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the accessibility of a promising vaccine, outbreaks of the measles virus (MV) take place even in well-vaccinated populations. D4, H1 and B3 genotypes have been detected regularly in different regions of Iran. These observations highlight the necessity of evaluating the protective efficacy of the vaccine against currently circulating MV genotypes during the elimination phase. A focus reduction neutralization test has been developed to measure the neutralizing antibodies against different genotypes of MV, such as H1, D4, B3 and vaccine strain (A), in children after second doses of measles vaccine. The geometric mean titer (GMT) rates of the sera against D4, H1, B3 and A genotypes were 95.9, 90.5, 32.0 and 76.1, respectively. Low GMTs of antibody against the B3 genotype compared with the other genotypes were indicated. Based on the current study results, the MV antibody titers in the sera of vaccinated cases are sufficient to neutralize all circulating genotypes in Iran; however, neutralizing antibody titers were lower for the B3 genotype than for the H1, D4 and A genotypes. The heterogeneous nature of MV, for instance the nucleotide sequence diversity between different strains, necessitates the evaluation of the protective efficacy of the vaccine against measles B3 genotype in countries where this virus has been the most commonly identified circulating genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Sadat Fatemi Nasab
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Simin Abbasi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Adjami Nezhad Fard
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
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