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Franzo G, de Villiers L, Coetzee LM, de Villiers M, Nyathi FN, Garbade M, Hansen C, Berjaoui S, Ripà P, Lorusso A, Molini U. Unveiling the molecular epidemiology of canine distemper virus in Namibia: An expected pathogen showing an unexpected origin. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34805. [PMID: 39157393 PMCID: PMC11328037 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly infectious virus that represents a threat for domestic dogs and several wild species. Despite recognized in several African countries, current knowledge of its molecular epidemiology is scarce and poorly updated. Design Twenty-two hemagglutinin sequences, obtained from symptomatic Namibian dogs from 2020 to 2023, were analysed through phylogenetic and phylodynamic analysis to characterize the local CDV epidemiology and contextualize it in the international scenario. Results Two unrelated clades were identified, including strains sampled in different Namibian towns, in the absence of a strong geographical clustering. The ancestors of the two clades were estimated to have originated from South America, likely Brazil, and South Africa, approximately in 2000 and 2006, respectively. While the introduction from South Africa was predictable, the introduction from Brazil was unexpected. The mediation of other African countries, particularly Angola, appears to be the most likely importation pathway. Conclusions The occurrence of multiple introduction events, likely originating from cross-border illegal animal trade between African countries, and the absence of any geographical clustering within Namibian regions, suggest a need for further investigation into its spreading pattern, as well as improved biosecurity measures to limit foreign viral introduction into the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Dept. of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, viale dell’Università 16, 35020, Italy
| | - Lourens de Villiers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag, 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Mari de Villiers
- Rhino Park Veterinary Clinic, 54 Rhino Street, Windhoek North, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Francis N. Nyathi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag, 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Maya Garbade
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag, 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Chantal Hansen
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag, 13187, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Shadia Berjaoui
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Paola Ripà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag, 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
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Wang W, Bi Z, Liu Y, Xia X, Qian J, Tan Y, Zhu Y, Song S, Yan L. Development of a monoclonal antibody recognizing novel linear neutralizing epitope on H protein of canine distemper virus vaccine strains (America-1 genotype). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125584. [PMID: 37391002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an economically important virus responsible for canine distemper (CD), a highly contagious disease that afflicts various animal species worldwide. The hemagglutinin (H) protein is the major neutralizing target of virus. Therefore, it is often considered as immunogen to prepare neutralizing antibodies. The accurate identification of neutralizing epitope will provide important antigenic information and extend the knowledge of mechanisms of virus neutralization. In this study, we generated a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) 4C6 against CDV H protein, and defined the minimal linear epitope 238DIEREFDT245, which was highly conserved in America-1 genotype of CDV strains (vaccines). The mAb 4C6 could not react with a CDV strain that had two substitutions of D238Y and R241G in the epitope, which appeared in most CDV strains of the other genotypes. Besides, a few different amino acid mutations in the epitope were also included. Collectively, the epitope 238DIEREFDT245 was variable in the other genotypes of CDV strains. The epitope 238DIEREFDT245 was exposed to the surface of CDV H protein, showing good antigenicity. These data will provide insights into structure, function and antigenicity of H protein and lay the foundation for the development of diagnostic technologies and vaccine design for CDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhenwei Bi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China.
| | - Yakun Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Xingxia Xia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Yeping Tan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Yumei Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Suquan Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Liping Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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Bi Z, Wang W, Xia X. Structure and function of a novel lineage-specific neutralizing epitope on H protein of canine distemper virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1088243. [PMID: 36713169 PMCID: PMC9875009 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1088243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) infects many sensitive species worldwide and its host range is expanding. The hemagglutinin (H) protein, the major neutralizing target, binds to cellular receptors and subsequently triggers fusion for initial viral infection. So it's necessary to clarify the precise neutralizing epitopes of H protein and extend the knowledge of mechanisms of virus neutralization. In this study, a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2D12 against CDV H protein, which had different reactivity with different CDV strains, was generated and characterized. A series of truncated H proteins were screened to define the minimal linear epitope 238DIEREFD244 recognized by 2D12. Further investigation revealed that the epitope was highly conserved in America-1 vaccine lineage of CDV strains, but different substitutions in the epitope appeared in CDV strains of the other lineages and two substitutions (D238Y and R241G) caused the change of antigenicity. Thus, the epitope represents a novel lineage-specific neutralizing target on H protein of CDV for differentiation of America-1 vaccine lineage and the other lineages of CDV strains. The epitope was identified to localize at the surface of H protein in two different positions in a three-dimensional (3D) structure, but not at the position of the receptor-binding site (RBS), so the mAb 2D12 that recognized the epitope did not inhibit binding of H protein to the receptor. But mAb 2D12 interfered with the H-F interaction for inhibiting membrane fusion, suggesting that the mAb plays key roles for formation of H-F protein oligomeric structure. Our data will contribute to the understanding of the structure, function, and antigenicity of CDV H protein and mechanisms of virus neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Bi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhenwei Bi,
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxia Xia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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Fayaz A, Rajak KK, Kumar A, Karki M, Kiran, Rai V, Bhatt M, Singh RP. Development and characterization of mouse monoclonal antibodies to canine morbillivirus. Biologicals 2022; 79:19-26. [PMID: 36096853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine morbillivirus is a highly contagious multi-host pathogen with high morbidity and mortality. Timely diagnosis is of utmost importance to effectively control such a dreadful disease. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) serve as a high throughput diagnostics and applied tools for research and development (R&D). In the present study, a total of six mouse monoclonal antibodies were developed. All the mAbs generated belonged to IgG class. Of the six mAbs, two of them, namely CD-2F8 and CD-3D8 were directed against the nucleocapsid protein of CDV as determined in western blotting. The reactivity of all the mAbs was checked in indirect-ELISA and cell-ELISA using different morbilliviruses. The mAbs could broadly be categorized as; CDV specific (CD-3D8 and CD-2F8), cross-reactive to PPR virus (CD-AB3 and CD-4D6) and cross-reactive to both PPR virus and measles virus (CD-5D10 and CD-6E5). The characterized mAbs were used for antigenic profiling of CDV, PPR virus and measles virus. Based on the reactivity pattern; a close antigenic relationship was found among CDV and PPR virus as compared to measles virus. A pair of CDV specific mAbs namely CD-2F8 and CD-3D8 were identified which did not cross-react with measles and PPR viruses and thus could be used for diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arfa Fayaz
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, India.
| | - Kaushal Kishor Rajak
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, India.
| | - Monu Karki
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, India.
| | - Kiran
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, India.
| | - Vishal Rai
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, India.
| | - Mukesh Bhatt
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, India.
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, India.
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Karki M, Rajak KK, Singh RP. Canine morbillivirus (CDV): a review on current status, emergence and the diagnostics. Virusdisease 2022; 33:309-321. [PMID: 36039286 PMCID: PMC9403230 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing host range of canine morbillivirus (CDV) affecting important wildlife species such as Lions, Leopard, and Red Pandas has raised the concern. Canine distemper is a pathogen of dogs affecting the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Seventeen lineages of CDV are reported, and the eighteenth lineage was proposed in 2019 from India. Marked genomic differences in the genome of wild-type virus and vaccine strain are also reported.The variations at the epitope level can be differentiated using specific monoclonal antibodies in neutralization tests. Keeping in mind the current status of the emergence of CDV, genetic and molecular study of circulating strains of the specific geographical region are the essential components of the disease control strategy. New target-based diagnostics and vaccines are in need to counter the effects of the emerging virus population. Control of CDV is necessary to save the endangered, vulnerable, and many other wildlife species to maintain balance in the ecological system. This review provides an overview on emergence reported in CDV, diagnostics developed till today, and a perspective on the disease control strategy, keeping wildlife in consideration.
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Jiang Y, Jia S, Zheng D, Li F, Wang S, Wang L, Qiao X, Cui W, Tang L, Xu Y, Xia X, Li Y. Protective Immunity against Canine Distemper Virus in Dogs Induced by Intranasal Immunization with a Recombinant Probiotic Expressing the Viral H Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040213. [PMID: 31835572 PMCID: PMC6963260 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) elicits a severe contagious disease in a broad range of hosts. CDV mortality rates are 50% in domestic dogs and 100% in ferrets. Its primary infection sites are respiratory and intestinal mucosa. This study aimed to develop an effective mucosal CDV vaccine using a non-antibiotic marked probiotic pPGΔCm-T7g10-EGFP-H/L. casei 393 strain expressing the CDV H protein. Its immunogenicity in BALB/c mice was evaluated using intranasal and oral vaccinations, whereas in dogs the intranasal route was used for vaccination. Our results indicate that this probiotic vaccine can stimulate a high level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA)-based mucosal and IgG-based humoral immune responses in mice. SIgA levels in the nasal lavage and lungs were significantly higher in intranasally vaccinated mice than those in orally vaccinated mice. Both antigen-specific IgG and sIgA antibodies were effectively elicited in dogs through the intranasal route and demonstrated superior immunogenicity. The immune protection efficacy of the probiotic vaccine was evaluated by challenging the immunized dogs with virulent CDV 42 days after primary immunization. Dogs of the pPGΔCm-T7g10-EGFP-H/L. casei 393 group were completely protected against CDV. The proposed probiotic vaccine could be promising for protection against CDV infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Jiang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Shuo Jia
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Dianzhong Zheng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Fengsai Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Shengwen Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Li Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Wen Cui
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Lijie Tang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yigang Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (Y.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-451-5519-0363 (Y.L.)
| | - Yijing Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.J.); (S.J.); (D.Z.); (F.L.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (X.Q.); (W.C.); (L.T.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (Y.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-451-5519-0363 (Y.L.)
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Xue X, Zhu Y, Yan L, Wong G, Sun P, Zheng X, Xia X. Antiviral efficacy of favipiravir against canine distemper virus infection in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:316. [PMID: 31477101 PMCID: PMC6720089 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine distemper (CD) is an acute infectious disease with high morbidity rates caused by a highly contagious pathogen (Canine Morbillivirus, also known as canine distemper virus, CDV). CDV can infect a broad range of carnivores resulting in complex clinical signs. Currently, there is no effective method to treat for CDV infections. Favipiravir (T-705), a pyrazine derivative, was shown to be an effective antiviral drug against RNA viruses, acting on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). However, whether the T-705 has antiviral effects following CDV infection is unclear. Here, we investigated the antiviral effect of T-705 against CDV-3 and CDV-11 strains in Vero and DH82 cell lines. Results Our data demonstrated that T-705 significantly inhibited the replication of CDV-3 and CDV-11 in both Vero and DH82 cells at different concentrations, ranging from 2.441 μg/ml to 1250 μg/ml. Additionally, T-705 exhibited efficacious antiviral effects when administered at different time points after virus infection. Cytotoxicity tests showed a slight decline in viability in Vero cells after T-705 treatment, and no apparent cytotoxicity was detected in T-705 treated DH82 cells. Comparison of anti-CDV polyclonal serum only inhibition of CDV in supernatant, T-705 directly inhibited viral replication in cells, and indirectly reduced the amount of virions in supernatant. The combination application of T-705 and anti-CDV polyclonal serum exhibited a rapid and robust inhibition against virions in supernatant and virus replication in cells. Conclusions Our data strongly indicated that T-705 effectively inhibited viral replication following CDV infection in vitro, and could be a potential candidate for treatment for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Xue
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Yelei Zhu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Lina Yan
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, QC, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Peilu Sun
- Institute of Materia Medical, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
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Liu J, Zhao W, He W, Wang N, Su J, Ji S, Chen J, Wang D, Zhou J, Su S. Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies against Variable Epitopes of the M Protein of Rabies Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040375. [PMID: 31018607 PMCID: PMC6520763 DOI: 10.3390/v11040375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV), the causative agent of rabies, is highly neurovirulent for warm-blooded animals with a mortality rate of up to 100%. The RABV matrix protein (M) is required for virus particle assembly and budding. However, little is known about antigenic differences in the M protein. In this study, five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), designated 3B9, 4A1, 2B11, 2C1, and 4B11, against the RABV M protein were generated using a recombinant M protein. All five mAbs reacted with the CVS-11 strain but showed no reactivity against the HEP-Flury strain in indirect immunofluorescence and western blotting. The epitope targeted by these mAbs was further identified by peptide scanning using GST-fused peptides. The 25PPYDDD30 peptide was defined as the minimal linear epitope. Alignment of amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis of different RABV strains indicated that the variable epitope 25PPDGDD30 is only present in the HEP-Flury and variant Flury strains of clade III, while the other strains resembling ERA and SRVA9 within the clade had another variable epitope, 25PLDDDD30. A Y27D mutation within the epitope was found among the rest of the RABV strains distributed in different clades. However, a single D28G mutation eliminated the reactivity of these five mAbs. In addition, the mAbs were able to recognize wildtype RABV strain in indirect immunofluorescence and western blotting and detect RABV-infected brain tissue using immunohistochemistry. The newly established mAbs and identified epitope may facilitate future investigations in the structure and function of the M protein and the development of diagnostic methods for the detection of different RABV strains worldwide. Most importantly, the epitope recognized by the mAbs against M protein might serve as a novel target for the development of a vaccine targeting RABV virulent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wen Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wanting He
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ningning Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jingyin Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Senlin Ji
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Key laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Chen C, Zhou M, Yan XG, Chen YX, Cui M, Chen HC, Fu ZF, Zhao L. A recombinant canine distemper virus expressing interleukin-7 enhances humoral immunity. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:602-615. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ming Zhou
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiao-geng Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yi-xi Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Min Cui
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Huan-chun Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhen-fang Fu
- 4Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ling Zhao
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
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10
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Anis E, Holford AL, Galyon GD, Wilkes RP. Antigenic analysis of genetic variants of Canine distemper virus. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:154-160. [PMID: 29778189 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. CDV produces multi-systemic disease in dogs and other terrestrial carnivores. With the development of modified live vaccines in the 1950s and 1960s, the disease, with a few exceptions, has been successfully controlled. However, recently the cases of CDV in vaccinated dogs have been increasing throughout the world, including the United States. There are many reasons that can lead to vaccine failure, including antigenic differences between the vaccine strains and the currently circulating wild-type strains. Currently, there are at least three genetically different CDV lineages circulating in the US. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated various wild-type CDV and vaccine isolates to determine if the genetic differences observed among various strains result in significant antigenic differences based on changes to the neutralizing epitopes. The results of a cross-neutralization assay revealed that there are antigenic differences among the tested CDV wild-type isolates as well as between the tested isolates and the vaccine strains currently used in the US. Therefore, these results suggest the need to develop an updated CDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Anis
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 43 Brighton Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA; The Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat, Sadat City, Egypt.
| | - Amy L Holford
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Gina D Galyon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Rebecca P Wilkes
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 43 Brighton Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA.
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11
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Development of CDV-specific monoclonal antibodies for differentiation of variable epitopes of nucleocapsid protein. Vet Microbiol 2017; 211:84-91. [PMID: 29102126 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The highly contagious canine distemper viruses (CDVs) are still a major threat to a wide range of natural susceptible hosts. The nucleocapsid (N) protein plays various roles in the virus-induced immune response. But precise mapping of epitopes and antigenic variations in N protein of CDV are still scant. In this study, two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), designated as F8N and G3N, against the N protein of CDV were generated and characterized. The epitopes recognized by the two MAbs were mapped by truncated N protein fragments expressed in E.coli based on western blotting. The 470ESRYDTQ476 and 385GITKEEAQL393 were identified as the minimal linear epitopes recognized by F8N and G3N, respectively. The amino acid residues of the epitope (385-393aa) were highly conserved in a variety of CDV strains from the databases as well as five CDV strains in this study, indicating that MAb G3N can detect various CDV strains. However, MAb F8N was found not to react with an older CDV 851 strain of the five CDV strains due to both of two amino substitution (S471P and Y473H) in the epitope, whereas either single mutant S471P or Y473H did not eliminate the binding of F8N. Further, the variable epitopes existed in the N protein of six CDV strains resembling CDV3 in phylogenic tree by alignment with sequences from the databases. This is the first record of a precise epitope affecting antigenity of N protein of CDV. These results may facilitate future investigations into the function of NP of CDV and diagnostic methods for CDV infection.
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12
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Pan Z, Liu J, Ma J, Jin Q, Yao H, Osterrieder N. The recombinant EHV-1 vector producing CDV hemagglutinin as potential vaccine against canine distemper. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:388-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Liu Y, Hao L, Li X, Wang L, Zhang J, Deng J, Tian K. Development and Characterization of Canine Distemper Virus Monoclonal Antibodies. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2017; 36:119-123. [PMID: 28472594 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2017.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Five canine distemper virus monoclonal antibodies were developed by immunizing BALB/c mice with a traditional vaccine strain Snyder Hill. Among these monoclonal antibodies, four antibodies recognized both field and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus without neutralizing ability. One monoclonal antibody, 1A4, against hemagglutinin protein of canine distemper virus was found to react only with vaccine strain virus but not field isolates, and showed neutralizing activity to vaccine strain virus. These monoclonal antibodies could be very useful tools in the study of the pathogenesis of canine distemper virus and the development of diagnostic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu Liu
- 1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University , Zhengzhou, China .,2 National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine , Luoyang, China
| | - Liying Hao
- 2 National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine , Luoyang, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- 2 National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine , Luoyang, China
| | - Linxiao Wang
- 2 National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine , Luoyang, China
| | - Jianpo Zhang
- 2 National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine , Luoyang, China
| | - Junhua Deng
- 2 National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine , Luoyang, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- 1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University , Zhengzhou, China .,2 National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine , Luoyang, China
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