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Washio J, Abiko Y, Sato T, Takahashi N. Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Human Oral Cavity: Assessing Metabolic Functions Relevant to Oral Health and Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2851:151-172. [PMID: 39210180 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4096-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Many perceive lactic acid bacteria as beneficial for health. They are recognized for preventing abnormal fermentation and spoilage of ingested foods by producing lactic acid, which aids in gut acidification. Moreover, lactic acid bacteria are extensively employed in food science. In contrast, lactic acid bacteria in the oral cavity are often perceived as pathogenic factors contributing to the development of dental caries. As a consequence, substantial research has been conducted in oral and dental sciences to explore lactic acid bacteria and the oral microbiome. This research primarily involves analyzing bacterial flora, investigating metabolic activities such as acid production, and investigating metabolic regulation within the oral environment. The oral cavity serves as the gateway to the digestive tract and respiratory system, characterized by a constantly fluctuating environment that significantly impacts the metabolic activity of lactic acid bacteria. Hence, when investigating oral lactic acid bacteria, it is crucial to adopt research plans and methodologies that account for these metabolic environment changes. In this section, we present some of the methods employed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Washio
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Yuki Abiko
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takuichi Sato
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Leonov GE, Varaeva YR, Livantsova EN, Starodubova AV. The Complicated Relationship of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Oral Microbiome: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2749. [PMID: 37893122 PMCID: PMC10604844 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human oral microbiome has emerged as a focal point of research due to its profound implications for human health. The involvement of short-chain fatty acids in oral microbiome composition, oral health, and chronic inflammation is gaining increasing attention. In this narrative review, the results of early in vitro, in vivo, and pilot clinical studies and research projects are presented in order to define the boundaries of this new complicated issue. According to the results, the current research data are disputable and ambiguous. When investigating the role of SCFAs in human health and disease, it is crucial to distinguish between their local GI effects and the systemic influences. Locally, SCFAs are a part of normal oral microbiota metabolism, but the increased formation of SCFAs usually attribute to dysbiosis; excess SCFAs participate in the development of local oral diseases and in oral biota gut colonization and dysbiosis. On the other hand, a number of studies have established the positive impact of SCFAs on human health as a whole, including the reduction of chronic systemic inflammation, improvement of metabolic processes, and decrease of some types of cancer incidence. Thus, a complex and sophisticated approach with consideration of origin and localization for SCFA function assessment is demanded. Therefore, more research, especially clinical research, is needed to investigate the complicated relationship of SCFAs with health and disease and their potential role in prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy E Leonov
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yurgita R Varaeva
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N Livantsova
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Antonina V Starodubova
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia
- Therapy Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Kumar D, Mandal S, Bailey JV, Flood BE, Jones RS. Fluoride and gallein inhibit polyphosphate accumulation by oral pathogen Rothia dentocariosa. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:ovad017. [PMID: 36715153 PMCID: PMC9990172 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and storage of extracellular orthophosphate (Pi) by polyphosphate (polyP) accumulating bacteria may contribute to mineral dissolution in the oral cavity. To test the effect of potential inhibitors of polyP kinases on Rothia dentocariosa, gallein (0, 25, 50, and 100 μM) and fluoride (0, 50, and 100 ppm) were added to R. dentocariosa cultures grown in brain-heart infusion broth. At a late log growth phase (8 h), extracellular Pi was measured using an ascorbic acid assay, and polyP was isolated from bacterial cells treated with RNA/DNAases using a neutral phenol/chloroform extraction. Extracts were hydrolyzed and quantified as above. Gallein and fluoride had minor effects on bacterial growth with NaF having a direct effect on media pH. Gallein (≥25 μM) and fluoride (≥50 ppm) attenuated the bacterial drawdown of extracellular Pi by 56.7% (P < 0.05) and 37.3% (P < 0.01). There was a corresponding polyP synthesis decrease of 73.2% (P < 0.0001) from gallein and 83.1% (P < 0.0001) from fluoride. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy validated the presence of polyP and its reduced concentration in R. dentocariosa bacterial cells following gallein and fluoride treatment. Rothia dentocariosa can directly change extracellular Pi and accumulate intracellular polyP, but the mechanism is attenuated by gallein and NaF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Subhrangshu Mandal
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jake V Bailey
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Beverly E Flood
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert S Jones
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Li Y, Zhu M, Liu Y, Luo B, Cui J, Huang L, Chen K, Liu Y. The oral microbiota and cardiometabolic health: A comprehensive review and emerging insights. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010368. [PMID: 36466857 PMCID: PMC9716288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence demonstrating that oral dysbiosis causes periodontal disease and promotes the development of cardiovascular disease. The advancement of omics techniques has driven the optimization of oral microbiota species analysis and has provided a deeper understanding of oral pathogenic bacteria. A bi-directional relationship exists between the oral microbiota and the host, and oral-gut microbiota transfer is known to alter the composition of the gut microbiota and may cause local metabolic disorders. Furthermore, cardiovascular health can also be highly affected by oral microbiota functions and metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and some lipid metabolites. Studies have found that trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) may have adverse effects on cardiovascular health, whereas SCFAs, NO, and H2S have cardioprotective effects. SCFAs and H2S exert varying oral and cardiovascular effects, however reports on this specific topic remain controversial. Previous evidences are accustomed to summarizing the functions of oral microbiota in the context of periodontitis. The direct relationship between oral microbiota and cardiovascular diseases is insufficient. By systematically summarizing the methods associated with oral microbiota transplantation (OMT), this review facilitates an investigation into the causal links between oral microbiota and cardiovascular disease. The concomitant development of omics, bioinformatics, bacterial culture techniques, and microbiota transplantation techniques is required to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between oral microbiota and cardiovascular disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- The Second Department of Gerontology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Binyu Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cui
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- China Center for Evidence-based Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keji Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Barbour A, Elebyary O, Fine N, Oveisi M, Glogauer M. Metabolites of the Oral Microbiome: Important Mediators of Multi-Kingdom Interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6316110. [PMID: 34227664 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity hosts over 700 different microbial species that produce a rich reservoir of bioactive metabolites critical to oral health maintenance. Over the last two decades, new insights into the oral microbiome and its importance in health and disease have emerged mainly due to the discovery of new oral microbial species using next-generation sequencing (NGS). This advancement has revolutionized the documentation of unique microbial profiles associated with different niches and health/disease states within the oral cavity and the relation of the oral bacteria to systemic diseases. However, less work has been done to identify and characterize the unique oral microbial metabolites that play critical roles in maintaining equilibrium between the various oral microbial species and their human hosts. This article discusses the most significant microbial metabolites produced by these diverse communities of oral bacteria that can either foster health or contribute to disease. Finally, we shed light on how advances in genomics and genome mining can provide a high throughput platform for discovering novel bioactive metabolites derived from the human oral microbiome to tackle emerging human infections and systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelahhad Barbour
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Omnia Elebyary
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Morvarid Oveisi
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1G6, Canada.,Department of Dental Oncology, Maxillofacial and Ocular Prosthetics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2M9, Canada
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Han S, Abiko Y, Washio J, Luo Y, Zhang L, Takahashi N. Green Tea-Derived Epigallocatechin Gallate Inhibits Acid Production and Promotes the Aggregation of Streptococcus mutans and Non-Mutans Streptococci. Caries Res 2021; 55:205-214. [PMID: 34010838 DOI: 10.1159/000515814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that green tea-derived epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which has antimicrobial properties, might help prevent dental caries. However, the detailed properties of EGCG remain unclear. In this study, the antimicrobial properties of EGCG were evaluated by examining its bactericidal activity, its inhibitory effects against bacterial growth, acid production, acidic end-product formation, and sugar uptake (phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system, PEP-PTS activity), and its effects on bacterial aggregation, using monocultured planktonic cells of Streptococcus mutans and non-mutans streptococci. Coincubating S. mutans with EGCG (1 mg/mL) for 4 h had no bactericidal effects, while it decreased the growth and acid production of S. mutans by inhibiting the activity of the PEP-PTS. EGCG (2 mg/mL) caused rapid bacterial cell aggregation and had reduced the optical density of S. mutans cell suspension by 86.7% at pH 7.0 and 90.7% at pH 5.5 after 2 h. EGCG also reduced the acid production of non-mutans streptococci, including S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, and S. salivarius, and promoted the aggregation of these non-mutans streptococci. Furthermore, these antimicrobial effects of short-term EGCG treatment persisted in the presence of saliva. These results suggest that EGCG might have short-term antibacterial effects on caries-associated streptococci in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sili Han
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Sichuan University West China School of Stomatology, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuki Abiko
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jumpei Washio
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yufang Luo
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Fujian Medical University School of Stomatology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Sichuan University West China School of Stomatology, Chengdu, China
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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Kameda M, Abiko Y, Washio J, Tanner ACR, Kressirer CA, Mizoguchi I, Takahashi N. Sugar Metabolism of Scardovia wiggsiae, a Novel Caries-Associated Bacterium. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:479. [PMID: 32269556 PMCID: PMC7109253 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scardovia wiggsiae has been detected from caries in children and adolescents and has been suggested to be a caries-associated microorganism. To investigate the cariogenic potential of S. wiggsiae, we examined carbohydrate metabolism and acid productivity, the fluoride sensitivity of carbohydrate metabolism and the mechanism by which fluoride inhibits carbohydrate metabolism, and the acid sensitivity of carbohydrate metabolism in this bacterium. S. wiggsiae metabolized glucose and reduced the environmental pH to 3.5. It mainly produced acetic acid from glucose, together with small amounts of lactic and formic acid. The 50% inhibitory concentration of fluoride for acid production was 8.0 mM at pH 7.0 and 1.5 mM at pH 5.5, which were much higher than those of representative caries-associated bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans. Metabolomic profiles showed the accumulation of 3-phosphoglycerate and a marked reduction in the pyruvate concentration in the presence of fluoride, suggesting that fluoride inhibits the latter half of glycolysis, including enolase activity. Enolase activity was inhibited by fluoride in S. wiggsiae, but it was more fluoride-tolerant than the enolase activity of S. mutans. Unlike in S. mutans, lactic acid did not inhibit acid production by S. wiggsiae at acidic pH. These results indicate that S. wiggsiae exhibits high acid production and tolerance to fluoride and lactic acid. S. wiggsiae possesses a unique metabolic pathway, the F6PPK shunt, which might allow it to avoid the lactate-formate pathway, including fluoride-sensitive enolase activity, and enable metabolic flow to the fluoride-tolerant acetate pathway. The fluoride tolerance of S. wiggsiae's enolase activity also increases the fluoride tolerance of its carbohydrate metabolism. The lactic acid tolerance of S. wiggsiae's acid production might result in S. wiggsiae having high acidogenic and aciduric potential and make it ecologically competitive in acidic environments, such as caries lesions, where lactic acid predominates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Kameda
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Abiko
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jumpei Washio
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Anne C. R. Tanner
- Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christine A. Kressirer
- Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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Tagaino R, Washio J, Abiko Y, Tanda N, Sasaki K, Takahashi N. Metabolic property of acetaldehyde production from ethanol and glucose by oral Streptococcus and Neisseria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10446. [PMID: 31320675 PMCID: PMC6639336 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaldehyde is known to be carcinogenic and produced by oral bacteria. Thus, bacterial acetaldehyde production might contribute to oral cancer. Therefore, we examined bacterial acetaldehyde production from ethanol and glucose under various conditions mimicking the oral cavity and clarified the metabolic pathways responsible for bacterial acetaldehyde production. Streptococcus mitis, S. salivarius, S. mutans, Neisseria mucosa and N. sicca were used. The bacterial metabolism was conducted at pH 5.0–8.0 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The production of acetaldehyde and organic acids was measured with gas chromatography and HPLC, respectively. Bacterial enzymes were also assessed. All of the bacteria except for S. mutans exhibited their greatest acetaldehyde production from ethanol at neutral to alkaline pH under aerobic conditions. S. mutans demonstrated the greatest acetaldehyde from glucose under anaerobic conditions, although the level was much lower than that from ethanol. Alcohol dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase were detected in all of the bacteria. This study revealed that oral indigenous bacteria, Streptococcus and Neisseria can produce acetaldehyde, and that such acetaldehyde production is affected by environmental conditions. It was suggested that alcohol dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase are involved in ethanol-derived acetaldehyde production and that the branched-pathway from pyruvate is involved in glucose-derived acetaldehyde production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tagaino
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jumpei Washio
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Abiko
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoko Tanda
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichi Sasaki
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.
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Manome A, Abiko Y, Kawashima J, Washio J, Fukumoto S, Takahashi N. Acidogenic Potential of Oral Bifidobacterium and Its High Fluoride Tolerance. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1099. [PMID: 31156604 PMCID: PMC6532017 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium is frequently detected in early childhood caries and white spot lesions, indicating that it is a novel caries-associated bacterium. Bifidobacterium is known to possess a unique metabolic pathway, the “bifid shunt,” which might give it cariogenic potential by increasing its acid production. Thus, we evaluated the acid-producing activity of Bifidobacterium and its sensitivity to fluoride, a caries preventive reagent. Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium dentium, and Streptococcus mutans were used. Acid-producing activity was measured using a pH-stat in the absence and presence of fluoride under anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis was performed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of fluoride. The acid production of Bifidobacterium at pH 5.5 was as high as that seen at pH 7.0, indicating that Bifidobacterium has high cariogenic potential, although it produced less acid than S. mutans. In addition, Bifidobacterium produced acid in the absence of extracellular carbohydrates, suggesting that it can store intracellular polysaccharides. Bifidobacterium produced more acid from lactose than from glucose. Bifidobacterium mainly produced acetate, whereas S. mutans mainly produced lactate. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of fluoride for acid production was 6.0–14.2 times higher in Bifidobacterium than in S. mutans. Fluoride inhibited enolase in the glycolysis, resulting in the intracellular accumulation of 3-phosphoenolpyruvate, glucose 6-phosphate, and erythrose 4-phosphate. However, the bifid shunt provides a bypass pathway that can be used to produce acetate, suggesting that Bifidobacterium is able to metabolize carbohydrates in the presence of fluoride. It is suggested that its exclusive acetate production contributes to the pathogenesis of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Manome
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Abiko
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junko Kawashima
- Division of Community Oral Health Science, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jumpei Washio
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukumoto
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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Ganas P, Schwendicke F. Effect of reduced nutritional supply on the metabolic activity and survival of cariogenic bacteria in vitro. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1605788. [PMID: 31069020 PMCID: PMC6493303 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1605788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sealed cariogenic bacteria are deprived from dietary carbohydrate, but could be provided with nutrients by pulpal fluids, with adaptive strain-specific activities being possible. We investigated survival and metabolic activity of the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces naeslundii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in different carbohydrate-limited media without carbon source (CLM), or containing glucose (CLM-G), albumin (CLM-A), or α1-acid glycoprotein (CLM-AGP) in vitro. Bacterial metabolite concentrations (lactate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, citrate, acetate, formate, ethanol, acetoin) after 20 and 4 hours incubation, and bacterial numbers (CFU) after 24 hours incubation were analyzed using multivariate-analysis-of-variance (MANOVA). The medium (p = 0.02/MANOVA), strain and incubation-time (both p < 0.001) had significant impact on metabolite concentrations. Bacteria secreted mainly lactate (80.3 µg/106 bacteria S. sobrinus) and acetate (54.5 µg/106 bacteria A. naeslundii). Nearly all metabolites were produced in higher concentrations in S. sobrinus than in A. naeslundii or L. rhamnosus (p < 0.05/HSD). Metabolite concentration was significantly higher in CLM-G than in other media for most metabolites (p < 0.05). L. rhamnosus showed significantly lower survival than S. sobrinus and A. naeslundii (p < 0.05/HSD) regardless of the media, while S. sobrinus and A. naeslundii showed medium-specific survival. Survival of carbon starvation was strain- and medium-specific. Sustained organic acid production was found for all strains and media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Ganas
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Schwendicke
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Iron Chelator Deferasirox Reduces Candida albicans Invasion of Oral Epithelial Cells and Infection Levels in Murine Oropharyngeal Candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02152-18. [PMID: 30718249 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02152-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, the causative agent of mucosal infections, including oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), as well as bloodstream infections, is becoming increasingly resistant to existing treatment options. In the absence of novel drug candidates, drug repurposing aimed at using existing drugs to treat off-label diseases is a promising strategy. C. albicans requires environmental iron for survival and virulence, while host nutritional immunity deploys iron-binding proteins to sequester iron and reduce fungal growth. Here we evaluated the role of iron limitation using deferasirox (an FDA-approved iron chelator for the treatment of patients with iron overload) during murine OPC and assessed deferasirox-treated C. albicans for its interaction with human oral epithelial (OE) cells, neutrophils, and antimicrobial peptides. Therapeutic deferasirox treatment significantly reduced salivary iron levels, while a nonsignificant reduction in the fungal burden was observed. Preventive treatment that allowed for two additional days of drug administration in our murine model resulted in a significant reduction in the number of C. albicans CFU per gram of tongue tissue, a significant reduction in salivary iron levels, and significantly reduced neutrophil-mediated inflammation. C. albicans cells harvested from the tongues of animals undergoing preventive treatment had the differential expression of 106 genes, including those involved in iron metabolism, adhesion, and the response to host innate immunity. Moreover, deferasirox-treated C. albicans cells had a 2-fold reduction in survival in neutrophil phagosomes (with greater susceptibility to oxidative stress) and reduced adhesion to and invasion of OE cells in vitro Thus, deferasirox treatment has the potential to alleviate OPC by affecting C. albicans gene expression and reducing virulence.
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12
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Byrne SJ, Tan KH, Dashper SG, Shen P, Stanton DP, Yuan Y, Reynolds EC. The potential acidogenicity of liquid breakfasts. J Dent 2016; 49:33-9. [PMID: 27109215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the potential acidogenicy of liquid breakfasts. METHODS In vitro acid production by Streptococcus mutans was measured in the beverages at a pH of 5.5, as was the fall in pH over 10min. The buffering capacity was determined, as well as the calcium, inorganic phosphate and fluoride concentrations (total and soluble) of the beverages. Bovine milk (UHT) was used for comparison. RESULTS The rate of acid production by S. mutans, and pH fall over 10min was greater in liquid breakfasts compared to bovine milk. All beverages except one demonstrated a significantly lower buffering capacity than bovine milk. All beverages contained significantly greater concentrations of soluble calcium than bovine milk, and all except two contained significantly more soluble inorganic phosphate. CONCLUSIONS S. mutans was able to generate significantly more acid in the liquid breakfasts than in bovine milk, indicating these drinks may contribute to a cariogenic diet. In general, the liquid breakfasts required significantly less acid than bovine milk to reduce their pH to the approximate critical pH for enamel demineralisation. However, the liquid breakfasts also tended to contain significantly more soluble calcium and inorganic phosphate than bovine milk. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The substantial amounts and various types of sugars found within liquid breakfast beverages may result in a significant pH drop in dental plaque following consumption of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Byrne
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kheng H Tan
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart G Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peiyan Shen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David P Stanton
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yi Yuan
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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