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Sialic acid-containing glycans play a role in the activity of snake venom proteases. Biochimie 2023; 204:140-153. [PMID: 36210615 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Structural variability is a feature of snake venom proteins, and glycosylation is a post-translational modification that contributes to the diversification of venom proteomes. Studies by our group have shown that Bothrops venoms are distinctly defined by their glycoprotein content, and that most hybrid/complex N-glycans identified in these venoms contain sialic acid. Considering that metalloproteases and serine proteases are abundant components of Bothrops venoms and essential in the envenomation process, and that these enzymes contain several glycosylation sites, the role of sialic acid in venom proteolytic activity was evaluated. Here we show that removal of sialic acid by treatment of nine Bothrops venoms with neuraminidase (i) altered the pattern of gelatinolysis in zymography of most venoms and reduced the gelatinolytic activity of all venoms, (ii) decreased the proteolytic activity of some venoms on fibrinogen and the clotting activity of human plasma of all venoms, and (iii) altered the proteolysis profile of plasma proteins by B. jararaca venom, suggesting that sialic acid may play a role in the interaction of proteases with their protein substrates. In contrast, the profile of venom amidolytic activity on Bz-Arg-pNA did not change after removal of sialic acid, indicating that this monosaccharide is not essential in N-glycans of serine proteases acting on small substrates. In summary, these results expand the knowledge about the variability of the subproteomes of Bothrops venom proteases, and for the first time point to the importance of carbohydrate chains containing sialic acid in the enzymatic activities of venom proteases relevant in human envenomation.
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2
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Gao ZZ, Li C, Chen G, Yuan JJ, Zhou YQ, Jiao JY, Nie L, Qi J, Yang Y, Chen SQ, Wang HB. Optimization strategies for expression of a novel bifunctional anti-PD-L1/TGFBR2-ECD fusion protein. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 189:105973. [PMID: 34560256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The novel anti-PD-L1/TGFBR2-ECD fusion protein (BR102) comprises an anti-PD-L1 antibody (HS636) which is fused at the C terminus of the heavy chain to a TGF-β1 receptor Ⅱ ectodomain (TGFBR2-ECD), and which can sequester the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and TGF-β bioactivity in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In the expression of TGFBR2-ECD wild-type fused protein (BR102-WT), a 50 kDa clipped species was confirmed to be induced by proteolytic cleavage at a "QKS" site located in the N-terminus of the ectodomain, which resulted in the formation of IgG-like clipping. The matrix metalloproteinase-9 was determined to be associated with BR102-WT digestion. In addition, it was observed that the N-glycosylation modifications of the fusion protein were tightly involved in regulating proteolytic activity and the levels of cleavage could be significantly suppressed by MMP-inhibitors. To avoid proteolytic degradation, eliminating protease-sensitive amino acid motifs and introducing potential glycosylation were performed. Three sensitive motifs were mutated, and the levels of clipping were strongly restrained. The mutant candidates exhibited similar binding affinities to hPD-L1 and hTGF-β1 as well as highly purified BR102-WT2. Furthermore, the mutants displayed more significant proteolytic resistance than that of BR102-WT2 in the lysate incubation reaction and the plasma stability test. Moreover, the bifunctional candidate Mu3 showed an additive antitumor effect in MC38/hPD-L1 bearing models as compared to that of with anti-PD-L1 antibody alone. In conclusion, in this study, the protease-sensitive features of BR102-WT were well characterized and efficient optimization was performed. The candidate BR102-Mutants exhibited advanced druggability in drug stability and displayed desirable antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Zhao Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China; Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311404, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311404, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yuan
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311404, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Zhou
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311404, China
| | - Jing-Yu Jiao
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311404, China
| | - Lei Nie
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311404, China
| | - Jian Qi
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311404, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311404, China
| | - Shu-Qing Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China.
| | - Hai-Bin Wang
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311404, China.
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Tsuji T. [Modulation of Host Immune System by Staphylococcal Superantigen-like (SSL) Proteins]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:579-589. [PMID: 33790123 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen causing a wide range of infectious diseases in humans and animals. This bacterium secretes a variety of exoproteins, including toxins known as superantigens, such as toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and enterotoxins. Staphylococcal superantigen-like (SSL) proteins are a family of exoproteins showing structural similarities with superantigens but no superantigenic activity. This family is composed of 14 members (SSL1-SSL14), and recent studies have revealed that these members exhibit various immunomodulatory activities: e.g., inhibition of antibody and complement functions, impairment of leukocyte trafficking, modulation of receptor functions, inappropriate activation of immunocytes, and inhibition of blood coagulation. These activities have been proposed to contribute to immune evasion of the bacteria. The interactions between SSL proteins and their target molecules in the host immune system and the pathophysiological roles of SSL proteins in the bacterial infections are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Tsuji
- Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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Boll I, Jensen P, Schwämmle V, Larsen MR. Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1418-1435. [PMID: 32518069 PMCID: PMC8143646 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system is a fast and highly dynamic process. Previously, protein interaction and phosphorylation have been thought to be the main regulators of synaptic transmission. Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. We suggest that negatively charged sialic acids can be modulated, similarly to phosphorylation, by the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases thereby changing local structure and function of membrane glycoproteins. We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. This study is to our knowledge the first to describe ultra-fast site-specific modulation of the sialiome after brief stimulation of a biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Boll
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Pia Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Veit Schwämmle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.
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Oku T, Kurisaka C, Ando Y, Tsuji T. Identification of human plasma C1 inhibitor as a target protein for staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 5 (SSL5). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:1162-1167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Boon L, Ugarte-Berzal E, Martens E, Vandooren J, Rybakin V, Colau D, Gordon-Alonso M, van der Bruggen P, Stöcker W, Becker-Pauly C, Witters P, Morava E, Jaeken J, Proost P, Opdenakker G. Propeptide glycosylation and galectin-3 binding decrease proteolytic activation of human proMMP-9/progelatinase B. FEBS J 2018; 286:930-945. [PMID: 30422384 PMCID: PMC7379967 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are secreted as proenzymes, containing propeptides that interact with the catalytic zinc, thereby controlling MMP activation. The MMP‐9 propeptide is unique in the MMP family because of its post‐translational modification with an N‐linked oligosaccharide. ProMMP‐9 activation by MMP‐3 occurs stepwise by cleavage of the propeptide in an aminoterminal (pro‐AT) and carboxyterminal (pro‐CT) peptide. We chemically synthesized aglycosyl pro‐AT and pro‐CT and purified recombinant glycosylated pro‐ATSf−9. First, we report new cleavage sites in the MMP‐9 propeptide by MMP‐3 and neutrophil elastase. Additionally, we demonstrated with the use of western blot analysis a higher resistance of glycosylated versus aglycosyl pro‐AT against proteolysis by MMP‐3, MMP‐9, meprin α, neutrophil elastase and by protease‐rich synovial fluids from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Moreover, we investigated the effect of glycosylation on proteolytic activation of human proMMP‐9 with the use of zymography and dye‐quenched gelatin cleavage analysis. Compared to recombinant Sf‐9 proMMP‐9 glycoforms, larger oligosaccharides of human neutrophil proMMP‐9 increased resistance against proteolytic activation. Additionally, proMMP‐9 from Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation patients, compared to healthy controls, showed a higher activation rate by MMP‐3. Finally, we demonstrated that glycan‐galectin‐3 interactions reduced proMMP‐9 activation. In conclusion, modification of MMP‐9 propeptide glycosylation is a fine‐tuning mechanism and co‐determines the specific activity of MMP‐9 in physiology and pathology. Enzymes MMP‐9 EC 3.4.24.35, MMP‐3 EC 3.4.24.17, meprin α EC 3.4.24.18, neutrophil elastase EC 3.4.21.37, trypsin EC 3.4.21.4 and PNGase F EC 3.5.1.52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Boon
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Erik Martens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Vandooren
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vasily Rybakin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Didier Colau
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Walter Stöcker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Peter Witters
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, ON, USA
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Singh V, Phukan UJ. Interaction of host and Staphylococcus aureus protease-system regulates virulence and pathogenicity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 208:585-607. [PMID: 30483863 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes various health care- and community-associated infections as well as certain chronic TH2 driven inflammatory diseases. It is a potent pathogen with serious virulence and associated high morbidity. Severe pathogenicity is accredited to the S. aureus secreted virulence factors such as proteases and host protease modulators. These virulence factors promote adhesion and invasion of bacteria through damage of tight junction barrier and keratinocytes. They inhibit activation and transmigration of various immune cells such as neutrophils (and neutrophil proteases) to evade opsono-phagocytosis and intracellular bacterial killing. Additionally, they protect the bacteria from extracellular killing by disrupting integrity of extracellular matrix. Platelet activation and agglutination is also impaired by these factors. They also block the classical as well as alternative pathways of complement activation and assist in spread of infection through blood and tissue. As these factors are exquisite factors of S. aureus mediated disease development, we have focused on review of diversification of various protease-system associated virulence factors, their structural building, diverse role in disease development and available therapeutic counter measures. This review summarises the role of protease-associated virulence factors during invasion and progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigyasa Singh
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Ujjal Jyoti Phukan
- School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Oku T, Soma H, Kurisaka C, Tsuji T. Generation of a Monoclonal Antibody Against Staphylococcal Superantigen-Like Protein 5 (SSL5) That Discriminates SSL5 from Other SSL Proteins. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2018; 37:212-217. [PMID: 30362929 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2018.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus secretes a family of exoproteins structurally homologous to bacterial superantigens, such as toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), and those exoproteins are thus called staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins (SSLs). Recent studies have revealed that SSLs play roles in evasion of the host defense by disturbing host immune responses. We previously reported that staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 5 (SSL5; a member of the SSL family) inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which is crucial for leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection. In this study, we established a mouse hybridoma clone (30G5C) producing a monoclonal antibody specific for SSL5. In immunoblotting analysis using recombinant His-tagged SSL1 to SSL14 (His-SSLs), the antibody was found to specifically recognize SSL5 without crossreactivity with other His-SSLs. The antibody bound to the C-terminal region of SSL5 (β-grasp domain), but did not interfere with the binding of SSL5 to MMP-9, suggesting that this antibody is useful for identification of SSL5-producing S. aureus and screening for inhibitors of the SSL5/MMP-9 complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Oku
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikari Soma
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisato Kurisaka
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tsuji
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Kohno K, Itoh S, Hanai A, Takii T, Fujiwara T, Onozaki K, Tsuji T, Hida S. Identification of matrix metalloproteinase 9-interacting sequences in staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:713-718. [PMID: 29462623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal superantigen like 5 (SSL5) is an exotoxin produced by S. aureus and has a strong inhibitory effect on MMP-9 enzymatic activity. However, the mechanism of inhibition remains unclear. We sought to identify the responsible regions of SSL5 for the interaction with MMP-9 by comparing a series of domain swap and deletion mutants of SSL5. Binding analyses revealed that SSL5 had two regions for binding to MMP-9 catalytic domain, β1-3 region (25SKELKNVTGY RYSKGGKHYL IFDKNRKFTR VQIFGK60) in N-terminal half and α4β9 region (138KELDFKLRQY LIQNFDLYKK FPKDSKIKVI MKD170) in C-terminal half. The collagen binding domain and zinc-chelating histidine residues of MMP-9 were not essential for the specific binding to SSL5. The domain swap mutants of SSL5 that conserved β1-3 but not α4β9 region inhibited the gelatinolysis by MMP-9, and the mutant of SSL7 that substituted β1-3 region to that of SSL5 acquired the binding and inhibitory activity. Furthermore, the polypeptide that harbored β1-3 region of SSL5 inhibited gelatinolysis by MMP-9. Taken together, SSL5 inhibits the MMP9 activity through binding to the catalytic domain, and the β1-3 region is responsible for the inhibition of proteolytic activity of MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Kohno
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Saotomo Itoh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Akari Hanai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takemasa Takii
- Bacteriology Division, Mycobacterium Reference Centre, Research Institute of Tuberculosis, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, 3-4-1. Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kikuo Onozaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tsuji
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Hida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
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